Protective effect of saponin on sperm DNA fragmentation of mice treated with cyclophosphamide

Abstract

Reproduction, which is one of the main priorities of the World Health Organization, is the basis of human survival. There are many factors which can reduce or completely eliminate the reproductive potential and cause infertility occurs in 12%-15% of couples worldwide (Dimitriadis et al., 2017). Infertility rates in Iran have increased compared with the past, 20.2% of Iranian couples are infertile and 40% of cases are related to males' problems. It is estimated that 40%-90% of male infertility is due to abnormal sperm production. Many factors affect sperm function, the most important is the presence of free radicals (O'Flynn O'Brien et al., 2010).Normally, there is a balance between the production of free radicals in the body and the antioxidant defence system. However, exposure to agents such as toxins and environmental pollutants, drugs such as chemotherapy agents like CP, increases the production of free radicals in the body and the imbalance between free radicals and the antioxidant defence system which is called oxidative stress, leads to tissue damage (Abd El Tawab et al., 2014;Arena et al., 2018). Oxidative stress results in lipid peroxidation in the sperm membrane that lead to a decrease in the sperm motility and quality (Sadaghiani et al., 2020).According to studies, despite the great importance of CP, several reproductive problems such as azoospermia, oligospermia, atrophy of seminiferous tubules and low serum testosterone levels have been observed (Akomolafe & Aluko, 2020). Although the exact mechanism of CP-induced reproductive and gonadal toxicity has not been elucidated, based on the results of several studies, the

Fertility Rate and Assessment of the Cytoprotective Capacity of Various Types of Holothuroidea Extracts on Spermatozoa

“…The antioxidant activity of these compounds contained in sea cucumbers is based on the improvement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, removal of reactive oxygen species, inhibition of lipid peroxidation. According to Timar et al (2022) [32], saponins can increase sperm count, reduce the percentage of immature and DNA-damaged sperm due to oxidative stress [32]. Moreover, sea cucumbers are rich in various minerals and vitamins, including zinc, which is important in DNA organization, stabilization of cell membranes, the process of spermatogenesis, and its level is correlated with sperm motility [14,33].…”

Saponin protects against cyclophosphamide-induced kidney and liver damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions

“…Saponin powder was obtained from the company (Sigma-Aldrich-USA), and dissolved in normal saline at room temperature, away from light and under the hood. Initially, a pilot study was performed to evaluate the dosage of saponin and effective dose was 2.5 mg/kg/day (Timar & Banaei, 2021).…”

Piperine mitigates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the testicular damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice

“…[ 11 ] It also reduces DNA synthesis in spermatogonia and protein synthesis in spermatids. [ 12 ] Other testicular side effects of CP are including extensive bleeding in the interstitial seminiferous tubules (ST), complete separation between different stages of spermatogenic cells, the presence of vacuoles in spermatogenic lineage cells, and other changes in the tissue structure of the testis. [ 13 ] It also causes markedly damage to sertoli cells.…”