The aetiology of ischemic heart diseases is mainly based on atherosclerosis of coronary artery. Inflammation and oxidative reactions are initiating and aggravating the illness resulting in pathological remodelling of vasculaturze at site of injury. Endothelium lining of blood vessels participated in the reaction biochemically through releasing some proteins into circulatory system which further complicate the condition. The aim of this study was to determine early diagnosed hyperlipidaemia-associated changes of the plasma level of some of these endothelial biomolecules. Compared to healthy control, hyperlipidaemic patients have significantly increased arginase, metalloendopeptidase, peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and peroxynitrite with concomitant reduction in arylesterase and nitric oxide. The present study concluded that hyperlipidaemia play a great role in modulation of certain plasma protein markers which might be directly related to patient pathological condition or could be used as a tool for diagnosis or patient follow up indicating the stage of vasculature remodelling, healing, inflammation or resolution.

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is well recognized risk factor cardiovascular disease (CVD). Insulin therapy is recommended for all patients with type 1 diabetes. Previous findings showed that diabetes impairs endothelial function and increased glucose level reduces nitric oxide (NO) output and increases myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. However, adiponectin (APN) decreases serum glucose levels. The current study evaluated effects of insulin therapy on circulating levels of oxidative stress and CVD biomarkers like NO, APN, MPO, AIP and lipid profile in type 1 diabetic patients. Fifty patients with T1DM and 18 healthy people were enrolled in this study. The recruited people with T1DM were classified into two groups: 22 newly diagnosed (untreated) type 1 diabetic patients and 28 insulin treated patients. In all groups, circulating NO, APN, MPO, AIP and lipids levels were measured. Compared to control, untreated diabetes revealed a significant increase in the serum levels of APN, MPO, TG, VLDL, TC, LDL and AIP, with a marked reduction in NO and HDL levels. However, insulin therapy significantly lowered MPO, TC and LDL, with no significant changes in the other biochemical parameters. As expected, oxidative stress and CVD-associated markers were significantly increased in untreated diabetes. Insulin therapy exhibited a relatively positive effect on oxidative stress and CVD biomarkers. Accordingly, insulin plus antioxidant supplementation required to normalize these parameters.

Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties decreased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that may influence endothelial function by regulating serum nitric oxide (NO) levels. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of two oral hypoglycemic drugs, Metformin and Glibenclamide (GLC), on circulating APN and NO levels and to find a correlation between APN and NO levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Fifty males and females previously diagnosed with T2DM were conducted in this trial and classified into groups: Group A involved 18 untreated patients with T2DM, group B involved 16 patients receiving Metformin monotherapy (1000 mg/day) for up to 1 year and group C involved 16 patients receiving GLC (5 mg/day) for up to 1 year. Circulating APN and NO were measured. Compared to GLC, Metformin therapy showed a significant increase in APN and NO levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Our findings established that Metformin has a protective effect on endothelial function, including increased APN and NO bioavailability, beyond its glucose-lowering effect.

Kidney disorders are long-term complications in thalassemia patients, especially with the high life expectancy of these patients. Proper evaluation of kidney impairment in β-thalassemia patients can be difficult due to higher intake of iron chelators, resulting in renal impairment. Early biomarkers of renal disease are used for the diagnosis of tubular and glomerular abnormalities. The current study was conducted on 88 individuals, 25 healthy people and 63 β-thalassemia patients. Circulating levels of urea, creatinine, cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were measured in all groups. Compared to healthy control, patients with thalassemia major and intermedia showed a significant increase in both cystatin C and NGAL levels, with no effects on creatinine levels. Furthermore, urea levels were markedly higher in patients with thalassemia major compared to control. As early renal dysfunction markers, cystatin C and NGAL should be routinely evaluated in thalassemia patients major and intermedia.

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