The immune system is most likely developed to reduce the harmful impact of infections on the host homeostasis. This defense approach is based on the coordinated activity of innate and adaptive immune system components, which detect and target infections for containment, killing, or expulsion by the body's defense mechanisms. These immunological processes are responsible for decreasing the pathogen burden of an infected host to maintain homeostasis that is considered to be infection resistance. Immune-driven resistance to infection is connected with a second, and probably more important, defensive mechanism: it helps to minimize the amount of dysfunction imposed on host parenchymal tissues during infection without having a direct adverse effect on pathogens. Disease tolerance is a defensive approach that relies on tissue damage control systems to prevent infections from causing harm to the host. It also uncouples immune-driven resistance mechanisms from immunopathology and disease, allowing the body to fight infection more effectively. This review discussed the cellular and molecular processes that build disease tolerance to infection and the implications of innate immunity on those systems. In addition, we discuss how symbiotic relationships with microbes and their control by particular components of innate and adaptive immunity alter disease tolerance to infection.

In this day and age, the rise in technological advancements has the potential to improve and transform our lives every day. The rapid technology innovation can have a great impact on our business operations. Currently, Cloud computing services are popular and offer a wide range of opportunities for their customers. This paper presents a survey on a more recent computing architecture paradigm known as Fog Computing. Fog networking is a beneficial solution that offers the greater facility of data storage, enhanced computing, and networking resources. This new concept of fog complements cloud solution by facilitating its customers with better security, real-time analysis improved efficiency. To get a clear picture and understanding of how fog computing functions, we have performed an extensive literature review. We also presented a comparative study of fog computing with cloud and grid computing architectures. In this study, we have conducted a survey that led us to the conclusion that fog computing solution is still not applicable and implemented in most of the IoT industries due to the lack of awareness and the high architecture’s cost. Results of the study also indicate that optimized data storage and security are a few of the factors that can motivate organizations to implement the Fog computing architecture. Furthermore, the challenges related to fog computing solution are reviewed for progressive developments in the future.

Managing the underlying structure of an enterprise is a daunting task. The business management and IT management alike have to deal with intricate layers of complexity that lies beneath the surface of the day-today operations of an enterprise. Without a proper Enterprise Architecture Framework, any organization regardless of size and magnitude of operations is bound to struggle in managing their business strategies. However, choosing a suitable Enterprise Architecture Framework is in itself a pretty hard endeavor that requires a deep dive into the terrifying maze of available Enterprise Architecture Frameworks and their respective characteristics. In this study, we compare the major Enterprise Architecture Frameworks that are currently prevalent in Pakistan. Through a well-crafted questionnaire we conducted a survey and assessed what Enterprise Architecture Frameworks most of the industries in Pakistan are using and the enterprise's level of satisfaction with the achieved results. By focusing on the trends of Enterprise Architecture Framework implementation in Pakistan we try to offer a unique perspective on the comparative studies of Enterprise Architecture Framework that are usually done on general basis.

No abstract

OBJECTIVE: To find the relationship between quality of life of mothers of cerebral palsy children and child's motor functioning after at least 3 months of rehabilitation. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from August to November 2019. Total 35 cerebral palsy (CP) children and their mothers were involved. Assessment of mother’s health done through Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and children's motor functioning through Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88).   RESULTS: While comparing the results of SF-36 in GMFM-88, we found that children’s mothers with low GMFM score had a general health deterioration compared to children with higher GMFM score. Mothers who are having a child with cerebral palsy, with GMFM between 1-80 had to cut down the amount of time spend on work while mothers whose child’s GMFM was between 1-20 were limited in kind of work and other activities as well as they accomplished less than she would like, and they didn’t do their work as carefully as usual. Due to low GMFM (1-20) of kids’ mothers even suffered from moderate level of body ache. Likewise, in children’s mothers with lower GMFM ratings (1-20 & 21-40) have disturbed work intervention due to affected physical and emotional health. Similarly, social interaction has also been affected. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates that mother of cerebral palsy patient deal with severe physical and mental fatigue. While paying attention only to children’s issues, the health of caregiver mothers also needs special considerations.