Sea cucumbers have long been used as food and traditional medicine in Asian countries with Stichopus hermanni, Thelenota ananas, Thelenota anax, Holothuria fuccogilva, and Actinopyga mauritiana as most highly-valued species. These organisms are potential source of high value-added compounds with therapeutic properties such as triterpene glycosides, carotenoids, bioactive peptides, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, collagens, gelatins, chondroitin sulfates, amino acids. In the recent years, health benefit effects of sea cucumbers have been validated through scientific research and have shown medicinal value such as wound healing, neuroprotective, antitumor, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, and antioxidant. These functional materials lead to potential development in various foods and biomedicine industries. In this review, we have presented a general view of major medicinal and health benefit effects of functional sea cucumbers from Asia region. The structural significance and the potential application of sea cucumber-derived functional materials as well as their nutritional value are also discussed.

Change in the Indonesian Seas with the circulation and heat and freshwater inventories and associated air-sea fluxes of the regional and global oceans. This white paper puts forward the design of an observational array using multi-platforms combined with high-resolution models aimed at increasing our quantitative understanding of water mass transformation rates and advection within the Indonesian seas and their impacts on the air-sea climate system.

The feedlng response of the blue mussel Mytllus trossulus exposed to environmentally relevant seston matnces were studied in the laboratory under flow-through conditions Twelve seston matnces varying In quality and quantity were prepared by mixlng 3 microalga Thalassloslra pseudonand (5, 20 and 150 X 106 cells 1 ') and 4 silt concentrations (0 5 20 and 50 m g 1 ') to represent an increasing seston organic quallty of 10 to 71 and dn increaslilg seston quantity of 1 4 to 56 6 mg I ' Clearance rates (CRs) pseudofaeces (PF) production, sorting efficiency (SEF) ingestion rates (IRs) of particulate organic matter (POhl) and particulate inorganic matter (PIM) and apparent and true carbon ass~milation efflciencies (C-AE0 ,) were determined for the varlous exposure regimes Under conditions of 0 dnd 5 mg 1 ' silt CRs decreased by 3-fold 114 4 to 4 9 1 h ' g ' dry wt (gdw ')I and 6-fold (18 0 to 3 3 1 h ' cldw ') respectively with Increasing seston quality Under condit~ons of hlgh silt loads (20 and 50 m g I-') CRs were independent of increasing seston quallty with maximum CRs (21 8 & 2 2 1 h ' gdw l ) observed at the 20 x lob cells 1 ' and 20 mg l I silt exposures PF production was dependent on seston quantity (r2 -0 63 p < 0 05) with mussels preferentially rejecting the inorganic versus the organic component of the seston This SEF was optlrnized at a seston quality of 40% organic matter As a consequence of this selective feedlng strategy, determined POM IRs under high a l g a e / h~g h s~l t (high quantity/quality) exposure reglmes were comparable to those of the high quality (lust algae) exposures (POM IRs of 48 0 as compaied to 38 1 and 91 3 mg h ' gdbv ' for high quality and high quantity/qual~ty respectively) In contrast mussels exposed to low quahty/quantity seston Ingested both seston components (SEF < 2 4 % ) I e the mussel was non-select~ve possibly ingesting both seston components to meet nutrient requirements Apparent C AE",, expressed as C ,,,,,,, -C , ,,,,., /C ,,,,,,, correlated with seston quality ( '0 POM) (r2 = 0 64, p < 0 05) However, carbon assin~ilation expressed as a true C-AE"o, C,,,,, -C,,,, ,,, iC,,,,,, \vas Independent of seston quality as was carbon assimilation rate (the product of the amount of Ingested organic matter and carbon assim~lation efficiency) Hence through a dynamic interplay between CRs and cai bon a s s~m~l a t i o n effic~ency the blue mussel was able to malntain a constant late of carbon assim~lation regardless of the quality and quantity of sebton to which it was exposed This compensatory feeding strategy displayed by the blue mussel has Impoi tant implications for predictive models w h~c h relate contaminant uptake to a diet/energy pathway Contaminant uptake may be either unde~estimated or overestimated if the abil~ty of the blue mussel to optlmize nutrlent gain under d vanety of seston compositions has not been taken into account KEY LVORDS Myhlus trossulus Feeding behaviour Sorting process Pseudofaeces Ingestion rate Ass~milatlon of carbon

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