In this study the frequency and distance of gene flow from transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) to non-transgenic wheat and barley crops was investigated under local field conditions. Trials were conducted in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and in South Australia (SA). Gene flow from transgenic wheat was confirmed at frequencies of 0.012% and 0.0037% in the ACT and SA, respectively. In both trials gene flow occurred over distances of less than 12 m. Gene flow was also detected from transgenic barley at a frequency of 0.005%, over a distance of less than 12 m. The results show that under Australian field conditions, gene flow occurs at extremely low frequencies and over very short distances. Physical separation of transgenic and non-transgenic cereal crops by greater than 12 m should ensure that contamination of adjacent non-transgenic cereal crops remains less than 0.02%, well below the level permitted under Australian regulations.

Research on gingers and their traditional uses by three different indigenous ethnic groups at Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia was carried out from February to June 2018. The objectives of the research was to gain information about the diversity of the family Zingiberaceae and its traditional uses by the Topo Baria, Toi Toro Muma and To Kaili Ledo people. Key informants were traditional healers (sando), traditional leaders (adat), community leaders, village leaders, religion leaders, government officers and crafts-people. The interviews were recorded using audio recorders and notebooks. Samples of plants were collected and photographed while recording the information. Response was obtained by “Snowball technique”. A total of 24 species of Zingiberaceae were used of which 19 were determined to species level. Eight species were collected from natural forest, while 14 were recorded from agricultural habitat. Four of the species were endemic to Sulawesi (Alpinia eremochlamys, A. rubricaulis, Etlingera acanthodes and E. flexuosa). Fourteen species were not native to Sulawesi but widely cultivated in the region. The information about the uses by the Topo Baria was not adequate whereas the contrary the Toi Toro Muma and To Kaili Ledo used several species for various daily purposes, such as medicine, spice, cosmetics, ornamentals, or to be eat freshly.

Pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah sangat dipengaruhi kesuburan tanah. Kesuburan tanah pada lahan budidaya bawang merah dapat diperoleh dengan upaya menyuplai pupuk hayati, seperti Trichoderma asperellum dan pupuk organik, seperti pupuk kandang sapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi Trichoderma asperellum dan pupuk kandang yang meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di lahan Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian, Desa Maku Kecamatan Dolo Kabupaten Sigi Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah pada bulan April hingga Juni 2021. Penelitian disusun menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap faktor tunggal dengan perlakuan yang dicobakan yaitu kombinasi Trichoderma asperellum dan pupuk kandang yang terdiri dari tiga aras, yaitu tanpa pemberian Trichoderma asperellum maupun pupuk kandang (kontrol), pemberian 12 g Trichoderma asperellum tanpa pupuk kandang per petak (setara 40 kg Trichoderma asperellum per hektare), serta pemberian 12 g Trichoderma asperellum dan 3 kg pupuk kandang per petak (setara 40 kg Trichoderma asperellum dan 10 ton pupuk kandang per hektare). Setiap aras perlakuan diulang lima kali sehingga terdapat 15 satuan percobaan. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis keragaman. Hasil analisis yang menunjukkan pengaruh nyata atau sangat nyata selanjutnya diuji dengan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil taraf 5% guna mengetahui perbedaan nilai rata-rata antara grup perlakuan yang dicobakan terhadap kontrol serta nilai rata-rata antar perlakuan dalam grup secara kontras ortogonal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan kombinasi Trichoderma asperellum dan pupuk kandang berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap pertumbuhan bawang merah, namun berpengaruh nyata terhadap hasil, yaitu berat tanaman per rumpun, berat segar umbi per rumpun dan berat kering umbi per rumpun. Aplikasi kombinasi Trichoderma asperellum dan pupuk kandang mampu meningkatkan hasil tanaman bawang merah sebesar 32,36%  pada komponen berat kering umbi per rumpun dibanding kontrol.

No abstract