Kata Kunci: Kedudukan dan peran perempuan, Adat Minangkabau, Perspektif Islam   Abstract This article aims to analyse positions and roles of Minangkabau women based on their adat and Islam in terms of: 1) inheritance; 2) decision makers in the family; 3) in taking care of children; and 4) in solving problems in the community. By implementing qualitative analysis approach with the method of analyzing QDA data, the results of the study are as follows: 1) women in Islam should be given half of their inheritance from men, whereas in based on adat Minangkabau women could get inheritance from ancestral inheritance and from her parents; 2) in Islam, women could give opinion in deciding matters in the family, while according to adat Minangkabau, decision makers in the family are women; 3) in Islam, the role of a mother is very large in educating their children, whereas according to adat Minangkabau the role of mother is very absolute even the role of father can be said to be almost non-existent; and 4) in Islam it is possible for women to play a role in social politics without forgetting their role in the family, while in the adat Minangkabau Bundo Kanduang acts as an intellectual actor in resolving communities’ issues.

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This article aims to explore the relation between mosques and external social integration of history both classic and modern times in Indonesia which has majority Muslim societies and Europe which has the minority. The method used in this study is library research. The result shows that mosques have played important roles in making efforts for external social integration of Muslims, such as the practice of the Prophet Muhammad who united Muslim Muhajirites (those who migrated from Mecca) and Anshar (indigenous Madinah) at Madinah Mosque. Another finding shows that the traces of non-Islam are existed in the Mosques. The mosque recognized domes and towers (manarah) as non-Islamic civilizations. Mosques definitely have a significant role to strengthen the external integration of Muslim either in classical history or in contemporary time.

Abstract-The World now is facing the common enemy namely terrorism, and Islam becomes one of world culprits as an actor of terror. The doctrine of jihad is accused as the cause of radicalism in Islam. Jihad is considered as an emotional expression which is implemented by terror actions, taking some Indonesian Islamic social movements as samples. This article seeks to show that the use jihad as the basis of their struggle is considered as a rational movement, and not solely caused by emotional expression. This article was s written using socioscientific history approach which meant that historical approach combined with other social science approaches, such as sociological, theological-normative, and political approaches. The main sources of data were taken from literature related to the topic, documentation study, and in-depth interviews with relevant parties. This article considers that jihad was a rational act for the actors. They showed collective acts that were structured and organized through mobilization mechanism to bring them strategic resources for sustainable acts. The writer also viewed that some Islamic social movements, or in this case was the Jihad Resolution, was triggered not only by the costbenefit calculation but also by the pursuance of martyrdom as expected by every mujahidin, as well as a practice of altruism by the doers. This is what the writer considered as Religio-Rational Action Theory (RRAT).

This article aims to analyze and compare the management of mosques between two countries; Indonesia, where Muslims are the majority population, and Spain where Muslims are the minority. The research question is summed upon how the Muslims respond to the mosque management in two countries, Indonesia and Spain. Constructed by both research methods, qualitative and quantitative, this article lists mosques in urban areas both in Indonesia and Spain and analyzes several aspects related to mosque management. The number of questionnaires distributed was 100 to Indonesian Muslim communities in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi), and 100 Muslims in the City of Madrid and Sevilla, in Spain. The study found high scores for mosque management in urban Indonesia related to the community's satisfaction with the mosque services either in the social field (as the power of civil society) or in the main service fields (worship/da'wa). Meanwhile, the score for managing mosques in Spain is low. This fact is related to the issue of better access to resources: economic, socio-cultural, and political mosques in Indonesia as they are the majority population. On the other hand, Spanish Muslims often face various obstacles in building mosques, one of them being tied up with the issue of Islamophobia. In conclusion, Mosque management in Indonesia seems better than in Spain both in social services and in worship/da'wah.