The paper presents results of investigations into possibility of migration to the soil and water environment of trace elements present in one of the main phases, zinc sulphide, emitted in dusts from various operations of pyrometallurgical extraction of Zn and Pb at the Miasteczko Ś ląskie Zinc Smelting Plant. The quantity of elements was estimated on the basis of: (1) dust fall, (2) zinc sulphide content in dust, (3) element content in zinc sulphide and (4) mobility of zinc sulphide under the hypergenic conditions of the soil and water environment of the Smelting Plant area. Among the elements considered, arsenic emitted with zinc sulphide contained in dusts from the Sintering Machine will pose a potential hazard for the soil and water environment of the Miasteczko Ś ląskie Zinc Smelting Plant area.
The aim of this study was to examine the physico-chemical and phase characteristics of ash obtained in the process of the combustion of Polish poultry manure in a laboratory reactor with a bubbling fluidized bed. Three experiments, differing in the grain size and morphology of the raw material, the method of its dosing and the type of fluidized bed, were carried out. The contents of the main chemical components and trace elements in the obtained ash samples were determined using WDXRF, and the phase composition was examined through the XRD method. The morphology and the chemical composition of grains in a given micro-area using the SEM/EDS method were also investigated. The highest concentration of phosphorus (from 28.07% wt. to 29.71% wt. as P2O5 equivalent), the highest proportion of amorphous substance (from 56.7% wt. to 59.0% wt.) and the lowest content of unburned organic substance (LOI from 6.42% to 9.16%) (i.e., the best process efficiency), was obtained for the experiment in which the starting bed was quartz sand and poultry manure was fed to the reactor in the form of pellets. It has been calculated that in this case, the amorphous phase contains more than half of the phosphorus. The method of carrying out the combustion process has a significant impact on the phase composition and, consequently, on the availability of phosphorus.
Cenospheres, which are the by-product of hard coal combustion, are characterized by properties allowing for a broad use of this material. The article presents the results of the chemical composition analysis of the cenospheres obtained from various power plants. It has been exhibited that depending on the place of origin, their chemical composition is similar and comparable to fly ash produced in hard coal combustion. A great majority of analysed cenospheres may be classified similarly as the sialic ashes-slightly acidic. The analysis of dependence of refractoriness of the cenospheres on their chemical composition confirmed the correlation between this parameter and the content of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3. At the same time, the content of each of the chemical components indicates a correlation with the size of the cenospheres. A trend of SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio decreasing along with the increasing size of the cenospheres has been noted. Also the content of K 2 O and-to a lesser extent-Na 2 O decreases along with increasing diameter of grains. An inverse correlation was noted in case of Fe 2 O 3. The higher the diameter of the grains, the higher the content of this component. In view of the obtained results, it should be assumed that the division of cenospheres into grain-size classes before further industrial use could extent the current range of use of this material.
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