Let G = (V, E) be a connected graph and d(u, v) denote the distance between the vertices u and v in G. A set of vertices W resolves a graph G if every vertex is uniquely determined by its vector of distances to the vertices in W. A metric dimension of G is the minimum cardinality of a resolving set of G and is denoted by dim(G). Let J 2n,m be a m-level gear graph obtained by m-level wheel graph W 2n,m ∼ = mC 2n + k 1 by alternatively deleting n spokes of each copy of C 2n and J 3n be a generalized gear graph obtained by alternately deleting 2n spokes of the wheel graph W 3n. In this paper, the metric dimension of certain gear graphs J 2n,m and J 3n generated by wheel has been computed. Also this study extends the previous result given by Tomescu et al. in 2007.

Text classification is one of the most important tasks to extract information from the Internet and identifying the best text representation settings. With the increase of data volume on the world wide web, the significance of text classification increases. This situation requires huge human efforts to understand and classify the digital data available on the Internet. Text classification is classifying the number of text files into different classes. The data or text available on the Internet is in an unstructured form which increases the difficulty to understand and classify it for useful purposes. This paper proposes a context-aware text classification system to improve text quality. We use a content-aware recommendation system to extract the data from well-known news databases. Text preprocessing techniques like tokenization, stemming, and stop words removal are studied in detail. Furthermore, unigram, bigram, and trigram attributes are also being tested. Attribute selection methods are also examined and their impact on the text classification results. To carry out a detailed investigation, 11 versions are created of each dataset to save the time in experimentation process and applied the different preprocessing techniques to understand the impact of each technique onclassification results. The proposed system is compared with the existing approach to check the accuracy where the proposed system achieved better performance.

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is the major cause of mortality worldwide. Our objectives were to determine the distribution of DR-TB by sex, age groups, occupation, province, division, district, type of disease, type of drug resistance, treatment regimen and outcome of treatment in DR-TB population in D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan.Materials Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan. A sample of 286 DR-TB patients was selected consecutively from population at risk. Sex, age groups, occupation, province, division and district were demographic while type of disease, type of drug resistance, treatment regimen and outcome of treatment were research variables. All variables being nominal were described by count, percentage cumulative percentage with 95% confidence interval for proportion. Distribution of DR-TB patients by all the ten variables were substantiated by chi-square goodness-of-fit test.Results: Out of 286 DR-TB patients, 123 (43%) were men and 163 (57%) women. DR-TB cases were most prevalent in age group 15-44 years 172 (60.14%), housewife 140 (48.95%), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 175 (61.19%), D.I.Khan Division 178 (62.24%) and district 121 (42.31%). Most common type of disease, drug resistance and treatment regimen was pulmonary TB 282 (98.60%), MDR 273 (95.45%) and longer treatment (n=273 MDR-TB) 246 (90.11%) respectively. Treatment success rate was 161 (56.29%). The observed prevalence by occupation, province, division, district and type of disease in our sample was similar to expected prevalence in population (p.05 for all), while it was different from population by sex, age groups, type of drug resistance, regimen and treatment outcome (p.05 for all).Conclusion: The prevalence of DR-TB was higher in women, age group 15-44 years, housewife, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and D.I.Khan Division and District. Most common type of disease, drug resistance and treatment regimen was pulmonary TB, MDR and longer treatment respectively. Treatment success rate was 56.29%. The observed prevalence by occupation, province, division, district and type of disease in sample was similar to population, while it was different by sex, age groups, type of drug resistance, regimen and treatment outcome.

Objective: To determine the epidemiology of coeliac disease in the children presenting at the tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Paediatrics, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Apr 2015 to Jul 2016. Methodology: Ninety-five consecutive children presenting with the suspicion of celiac disease were included in this study after taking written informed consent. A pre-designed proforma was used to record the patient's demographic details and the presenting complaints, laboratory, endoscopic and histological findings. Results: The mean age of the patients was 6.48 ± 3.20 years and the majority 53 (55.8%) of the children, were aged between 5 to 10 years. Failure to thrive was the most frequent presenting complaint and was recorded in 53 (55.8%) children, followed by pallor (54.7%), chronic diarrhoea (34.7%), short stature (29.5%), pain abdomen (28.4%) and recurrent vomiting (6.3%). The patients' haemoglobin ranged from 5.3 g/dl to 12.8 g/dl with a mean of 8.81±1.24 g/dl. The serum Anti-tTG level ranged from 8.0 U/ml to 759.0 U/ml with a mean of 298.75 ± 225.51 U/ml. Upon endoscopy, atrophic mucosa was revealed in 60 (63.2%) children, while 24 (25.3%) children had normal mucosa. Partial villous atrophy was the most frequent histological diagnosis (37.9%). Normal duodenal mucosa was reported in 4 (4.2%) children, while 21 (22.1%) children had mild non-specific duodenitis. Frequency of pallor (p=0.025), anaemia (p=0.017) and complete villous atrophy on histology (p=0.004) were significantly higher in patients with higher anti-tTG levels. Conclusion: Celiac disease has a diverse presentation for age, gender and clinical and biochemical markers.