Ocular diseases can deteriorate vision to the point of blindness and thus can have a major impact on the daily life of an individual. Conventional therapies are unable to provide absolute therapy for all ocular diseases due to the several limitations during drug delivery across the blood-retinal barrier, making it a major clinical challenge. With recent developments, the vast number of publications undergird the need for nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in treating ocular diseases. The tool of nanotechnology provides several essential advantages, including sustained drug release and specific tissue targeting. Additionally, comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested a better uptake of nanoparticles across ocular barriers. Nanoparticles can overcome the blood-retinal barrier and consequently increase ocular penetration and improve the bioavailability of the drug. In this review, we aim to summarize the development of organic and inorganic nanoparticles for ophthalmic applications. We highlight the potential nanoformulations in clinical trials as well as the products that have become a commercial reality.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the physiological changes and chemical components of haemolymph affected by three botanical extracts, namely volatile garlic oil, volatile peppermint oil and Neemazal T/S formulation in the haemolymph of C. capitata 3 rd instar larvae under constant laboratory conditions of 25 ± 1ºC, 75±5 RH % and 12/12 L/D at Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt. Artificial larval rearing medium was treated with two concentrations of 400 and 800 ppm for each botanical extract used as they are the most effective concentrations. Results showed that, in respect to carbohydrate, protein and lipid hydrolyzing enzymes, garlic oil recorded the highest enzyme activity valued 325.67, 297.33, 626.67 µg/ml, respectively; while Neemazal formulation recorded the lowest one of 112.67, 8.08, 44.33 µg/ml, respectively. In case of total free amino acids, Neemazal formulation recorded the highest level of 263.33 µg/ml, while garlic oil recorded the lowest one of 91.97 µg/ml. All botanical extracts reduced the total amount of mineral elements. However, Neemazal formulation was the most effective in reducing amount of sodium, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium indicating 4.91, 29.00, 4.74, 1.82, 251.83 µg/ml, respectively. Results clearly revealed that all botanical extracts investigated reduced the proportion of enzymes in the haemolymph of the 3 rd instar larvae than in control. The increasing of concentrations from 400 to 800 ppm increased the effects.