Bio-pesticides are natural occurring substances that control pest and derived either from plants or microorganism. It play a vital role in coping with adverse effect arise due to massive used of synthetic pesticides and development of insecticide resistance of some insect groups in crop productions. Thus, Derris species from Leguminosae (Fabacea) family is a climbing plant of Southeast Asia that was well known for its environmental friendly bioactive compound is used as one of the effective insecticides. Rotenone was one of the bioactive constituents extracted from Derris plant that was used as agricultural pest control due to its strong paralysis action (knock-down effect) on cold blooded animals. Moreover, it has a lethal mechanism in inhibiting respiratory enzyme of insects and easily degrades which makes it environmental friendly. Extraction of rotenone commonly uses organic solvents as extractant either in non-conventional extraction methods or conventional method. Application of green solvents, ionic liquids as extractant is new approach for rotenone extraction. Indeed environmental friendly bio-pesticides have not been studied thoroughly and several approach and further study are required to produce high quality and environmental friendly bio-pesticides. In addition, biological assay such as “Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality” study is also vital in order to determine a preliminary safe exposure limit of extracted rotenone prior to be used as pesticides. For that reason, a review of the environmental friendly bio-pesticide rotenone extracted from Derris sp. is presented herewith. This article reviews the up scaling extraction methods, toxicity and its effectiveness against several moth species such as Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella.

Rotenone is one of the prominent insecticidal isoflavonoid compounds which can be isolated from the extract ofDerrissp. plant. Despite being an effective compound in exterminating pests in a minute concentration, procuring a significant amount of rotenone in the extracts for commercialized biopesticides purposes is a challenge to be attained. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the best ionic liquid (IL) which gives the highest yield of rotenone. The normal soaking extraction (NSE) method was carried out for 24 hrs using five different types of binary solvent systems comprising a combination of acetone and five respective ionic liquids (ILs) of (1) [BMIM] Cl; (2) [BMIM] OAc; (3) [BMIM] NTf2; (4) [BMIM] OTf; and (5) [BMPy] Cl. Next, the yield of rotenone, % (w/w), and its concentration (mg/mL) in dried roots were quantitatively determined by means of RP-HPLC and TLC. The results showed that a binary solvent system of [BMIM] OTf + acetone was the best solvent system combination as compared to other solvent systems (P<0.05). It contributed to the highest rotenone content of 2.69 ± 0.21% (w/w) (4.04 ± 0.34 mg/mL) at 14 hrs of exhaustive extraction time. In conclusion, a combination of the ILs with a selective organic solvent has been proven to increase a significant amount of bioactive constituents in the phytochemical extraction process.

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