ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY BIO-PESTICIDE ROTENONE EXTRACTED FROM Derris sp.: A REVIEW ON THE EXTRACTION METHOD, TOXICITY AND FIELD EFFECTIVENESS

Abstract

Bio-pesticides are natural occurring substances that control pest and derived either from plants or microorganism. It play a vital role in coping with adverse effect arise due to massive used of synthetic pesticides and development of insecticide resistance of some insect groups in crop productions. Thus, Derris species from Leguminosae (Fabacea) family is a climbing plant of Southeast Asia that was well known for its environmental friendly bioactive compound is used as one of the effective insecticides. Rotenone was one of the bioactive constituents extracted from Derris plant that was used as agricultural pest control due to its strong paralysis action (knock-down effect) on cold blooded animals. Moreover, it has a lethal mechanism in inhibiting respiratory enzyme of insects and easily degrades which makes it environmental friendly. Extraction of rotenone commonly uses organic solvents as extractant either in non-conventional extraction methods or conventional method. Application of green solvents, ionic liquids as extractant is new approach for rotenone extraction. Indeed environmental friendly bio-pesticides have not been studied thoroughly and several approach and further study are required to produce high quality and environmental friendly bio-pesticides. In addition, biological assay such as “Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina) Lethality” study is also vital in order to determine a preliminary safe exposure limit of extracted rotenone prior to be used as pesticides. For that reason, a review of the environmental friendly bio-pesticide rotenone extracted from Derris sp. is presented herewith. This article reviews the up scaling extraction methods, toxicity and its effectiveness against several moth species such as Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella.

Effects of Aqueous Extracts from Amazon Plants on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Laboratory, Semifield, and field trials

“…This is the first time that D. utilis has been tested as larvicide against P. xylostella . Its lethality, around 20%, is most likely due to the presence of rotenone (Dos Santos et al 2000, Lawson et al 2010, Zubairi et al 2016), although other rotenoids, flavonoids, and saponins are also present in Deguelia (Dos Santos et al 2000) and may contribute to its effectiveness. With larvicidal effect around 20%, the extract of D. utilis was, however, significantly less effective than chlorpyrifos which resulted in 64.0% mortality.…”

“…DC (Camargo and Goulart de Azevedo 2014). The root of D. utilis is traditionally used to control pest species in the Amazon region (Dos Santos et al 2000, Lawson et al 2010, Torres et al 2013, Zubairi et al 2016). However, the use of the roots destroys the entire plant, and therefore, we investigated whether fresh leaves can also act as a botanical insecticide.…”

A Well-Established Method for the Rapid Assessment of Toxicity UsingArtemiaspp. Model

“…is a crustacean adapted to harsh conditions such as those in hypersaline lakes [13], living mainly on phytoplankton [14,15]. It is closely related to other zooplankton such as copepods and daphnia (Figure 1) [16]. Normally, it is routinely employed as a test organism for ecotoxicological studies.…”

“…The "Brine Shrimp Lethality" study is one of the biological assays to determine the safe exposure limit of naturally occurring agents extracted from plants before being used as pesticides for crops and for other botanical protections [16]. Crop protection is one of the important food safety-related issues and is thus vital to human populations worldwide.…”

“…Another example in relation to the Artemia acute toxicity test [50,51] is for the purpose of prevention and reduction of red tides. The red tide induced by algae is quite disastrous and may pose a threat to inshore fishery.…”