Many studies have suggested that childhood maltreatment increase risk of adulthood major depressive disorder (MDD) and predict its unfavorable treatment outcome, yet the neural underpinnings associated with childhood maltreatment in MDD remain poorly understood. Here, we seek to investigate the whole-brain functional connectivity patterns in MDD patients with childhood maltreatment. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to explore intrinsic or spontaneous functional connectivity networks of 18 MDD patients with childhood neglect, 20 MDD patients without childhood neglect, and 20 healthy controls. Whole-brain functional networks were constructed by measuring the temporal correlations of every pairs of brain voxels and were further analyzed by using graph-theory approaches. Relative to the healthy control group, the two MDD patient groups showed overlapping reduced functional connectivity strength in bilateral ventral medial prefrontal cortex/ventral anterior cingulate cortex. However, compared with MDD patients without a history of childhood maltreatment, those patients with such a history displayed widespread reduction of functional connectivity strength primarily in brain regions within the prefrontal-limbic-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry, and these reductions significantly correlated with measures of childhood neglect. Together, we showed that the MDD groups with and without childhood neglect exhibited overlapping and segregated functional connectivity patterns in the whole-brain networks, providing empirical evidence for the contribution of early life stress to the pathophysiology of MDD.

Lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated promising performance in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen production. However, the toxicity of lead hinders their application. Herein, an environmentally friendly and lead-free perovskite (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 was prepared by employing a simple and efficient hydrothermal route. It is found that (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9 exhibits excellent phase stability in hydriodic acid with different concentrations. Under visible light irradiation, it showed satisfactory cycle stability after 70 h of repeated H2 evolution without any degradation or oxidization. After using platinum as a cocatalyst, the photocatalytic rate for H2 evolution is about 169.21 μmol g–1 h–1, resulting in 14 times enhancement compared with the pristine one (about 12.19 μmol g–1 H–1 with 40 mg initial amount) and a solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of 0.48%. Our research opens new possibilities for the application of lead-free perovskites in the field of photocatalysis.

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