The sharp increase in opioid-related stays overall during the transition to ICD-10-CM may indicate that the new classification system is capturing stays that were missed by ICD-9-CM data. Estimates of stays involving other diagnoses may also be affected, and analysts should assess potential discontinuities in trends across the ICD transition.

The difference between private and public (Medicare and Medicaid) payment rates for inpatient hospital stays widened between 1996 and 2012. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data reveal that standardized private insurer payment rates in 2012 were approximately 75 percent greater than Medicare's-a sharp increase from the differential of approximately 10 percent in the period 1996-2001. Expenditures for hospital care in the United States are projected to exceed $1 trillion for the first time in 2015, 1 and debate is intensifying over pricing transparency, provider and insurer competition, and differences between private and public payment rates. The stakes involved are high, and there are stark examples of variations in payment rates across hospitals and geographic areas. 2-6 However, there is limited evidence on how payment rates for privately insured patients compare to those for patients covered by Medicare and Medicaid, or on how payment rate differences have changed over time.We examined amounts paid per inpatient hospital stay in the period 1996-2012 for patients whose primary payer was private insurance, Medicare, or Medicaid. Payment rates were adjusted for inflation and standardized across patient and stay characteristics.We found that payment rates for privately insured patients exceeded those for Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries throughout the study period, but the difference widened rapidly in the latter half of the period (Exhibit 1). In 2012 private insurers' payment rates for inpatient hospital stays were approximately 75 percent greater than Medicare's payment rates-a sharp increase from the approximately 10 percent differential in the period 1996-2001.

Background: Rates of sepsis/septicemia hospitalization in the US have risen significantly during recent years, and antibiotic resistance and use may contribute to those rates through various mechanisms.Methods: We used multivariable linear regression to relate state-specific rates of outpatient prescribing overall for fluoroquinolones, penicillins, macrolides, and cephalosporins between 2011-2012 to state-specific rates of hospitalization with septicemia (ICD-9 codes 038.xx present anywhere on discharge diagnosis) in each of the following age groups of adults: (18-49y, 50-64y, 65-74y, 75-84y, 85+y) reported to the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) between 2011-2012, adjusting for additional covariates, and random effects associated with the ten US Health and Human Services (HHS) regions.Results: Rates of penicillin prescribing were positively associated with septicemia hospitalization rates in the analyses for persons aged 50-64y, 65-74y, and 74-84y. Percent African Americans in a given age group was positively associated with septicemia hospitalization rates in the analyses for persons aged 75-84y and over 85y. Average minimal daily temperature was positively associated with septicemia hospitalization rates in the analyses for persons aged 18-49y, 50-64y, 75-84y and over 85y. Conclusions: Our results suggest positive associations between the rates of prescribing for penicillins and the rates of sepsis hospitalization in US adults aged 50-84y. Further studies are needed to understand the potential effect of antibiotic replacement in the treatment of various syndromes, such as replacement of fluoroquinolones by other antibiotics, possibly penicillins following the recent US FDA guidelines on restriction of fluoroquinolone use, on the rates of sepsis hospitalization.

Increasing prevalence of health systems and hospital managed care ownership may lead to higher quality but are unlikely to reduce hospital discharge costs. Encouraging participation in innovative payment and delivery reform models, such as accountable care organizations, may be more powerful options.

Objectives: Rates of hospitalization with sepsis/septicemia and associated mortality in the US have risen significantly during the last two decades. Antibiotic resistance may contribute to the rates of sepsis-related outcomes through lack of clearance of bacterial infections following antibiotic treatment during different stages of infection. However, there is limited information about the relation between prevalence of resistance to various antibiotics in different bacteria and rates of sepsis-related outcomes.Methods: For different age groups of adults (18-49y,50-64y,65-74y,75-84y,85+y) and combinations of antibiotics/bacteria, we evaluated associations between state-specific prevalence (percentage) of resistant samples for a given combination of antibiotics/bacteria among catheterassociated urinary tract infections in the CDC Antibiotic Resistance Patient Safety Atlas data between 2011-2014 and rates of hospitalization with septicemia (ICD-9 codes 038.xx present on the discharge diagnosis) reported to the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), as well as rates of mortality with sepsis (ICD-10 codes A40-41.xx present on death certificate).