The aim of this study was to determine the effect of essential oils (EO) of oregano, ORE (Origanum vulgare); black seed, BSD (Nigella sativa); laurel, LAU (Laurus nobilis); cumin, CUM (Cumminum cyminum); garlic, GAR (Allium sativum); anise, ANI (Pimpinella anisum), and cinnamon, CIN (Cinnamomum verum) on in vitro gas production (IVGP) and IVGP kinetics of barley, wheat straw and soyabean meal. IVGP values were determined by using rumen liquor from three dry Holstein cows. The findings of this study indicate that the effects of EO, doses, and EO × dose interactions were significant. IVGP was decreased by ANI, GAR and ORE, and only CUM increased IVGP. These EO and their different doses or combinations in diets could be used to improve the performance of ruminants. Moreover, EO may act at different levels in energy and protein metabolic pathways, thus their careful selection and combination may be a useful tool to effectively manipulate rumen fermentation.

The present study is focused on the detailed foliar epidermal anatomy of some selected wild edible fruits (WEFs) from Pakistan using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The studied species are Ficus racemosa L., Solanum nigrum L., Capparis spinosa L., Physalis divaricata D.Don, Rosa moschata Herrm. and Ribes orientale Desf. collected from various localities of Pakistan. The objective of the present study is to investigate qualitative and quantitative anatomical characters for the identification and differentiation of collected wild edible fruits. The characters studied are shape and size of epidermal cells, anticlinal wall pattern, trichome type and shape, average number of stomata, length and width of stomata and pore. The detailed microscopic investigation and variations in the characters recorded have a key role in the determination and authentication of wild edible fruits. This study possesses great potential for plant taxonomists to further evaluate the species at molecular and genetic levels.

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