Wheat is the main cereal crop in Kazakhstan and fertilizers play an important role in enhancing harvest growth. In this study, the impact of new sulfur-containing fertilizers on the growth and yield of wheat was evaluated, and the resistance of varieties to Puccinia triticina Erikss was also investigated. (also known as Puccinia recondite Rob. ex Desm.) for recommendations in agriculture. The study was conducted from 2017 to 2020 in a nursery and greenhouse. The sulfur-containing fertilizer contains nutrients that allow you to extend the duration of absorption by the plant, thereby extending the period of their availability to plants, compared to conventional preparations. By encapsulating molten elemental sulfur and impregnating with a solution of calcium polysulfide, a long-acting compound based on amorphous and monocalcium phosphate was developed. The sulfur is in a water-soluble sulfate form, which, in turn, is slowly oxidized by bacteria and retained in the soil. Three different types of the developed sulfur-containing nano-particle have been used to test in greenhouses and nurseries: powdered, pasty sulfur-containing composition, and a solution of calcium polysulfide. The results showed that the use of powdered and dissolved sulfur-containing fertilizers contributed to the early ripeness and increased productivity of wheat. Wheat varieties were tested for the presence of key Lr genes that determine resistance to brown rust. The Omskaya 29 sample showed an immune response according to phytopathological assessment, and molecular screening revealed four resistance genes. The new sulfur-containing product is recommended for improving wheat productivity in agriculture, and the Omskaya 29 variety can also be used as a valuable breeding material resistant to brown rust.

This work focuses on investigating plant-parasitic nematodes that affect greenhouse vegetables. The study took place in the Rostov region (Russian Federation) between May 2019 and May 2020 and involved 180 samples of soil and roots of 30 different vegetables in the families Cucurbitaceae (6), Solanaceae (8), Umbelliferae (8), Lamiaceae (4) and Allioideae (4) from 20 intensive farming locations. In this study, 11 nematode genera were detected. The most common genus was Meloidogyne, followed by Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, and Scutellonema. The highest Meloidogyne densities were detected in cucumbers, green peppers, carrots, eggplants, basil, and celery. Onions were not infected with Meloidogyne at all. Plant diseases caused by Pratylenchus, Scutellonema and Helicotylenchus were present in 29.7%, 51.5% and 81.6% of all crops examined, respectively. Xiphinema were found exclusively in carrots and celery, while Ditylenchus were only present in tomatoes and carrots (for each, the prevalence was 2.1%). The relative abundance of Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, and Pratylenchus was 58.3%, 10.4%, and 2.1%, respectively. As regards other genera, the relative abundance was less than 1%. The results show that soil properties are as important for the abundance, distribution and structure of the plant-parasitic nematode communities as the host plant. Findings may be helpful in improving the vegetable pest controls.

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Types of wheat rust are among the most harmful diseases, which leads to a significant loss of yields. Under favorable conditions, the development of the disease can reduce the yield to 45% or more. During epiphytotic development, it covers an area of up to 1.5-2.0 mln ha and reduces the yields to 20-70%. Pathogens types of rust fungus diseases adapted to different climatic conditions, resulting in leaf rust meet annually and in all regions of wheat cultivation. Farms generally accepted crop protection from the disease by chemical means. However, the use of fungicides -is not only very costly, it is also environmentally safe, both for the near biological objects, and consumers received products. The most efficient and environmentally acceptable way to protect against the disease -a genetic. However, the gene pool of wheat resistance genes to rusts (P.recondita f. Sp. Tritici Rob. Ex Desm., P.graminis, P.striiformis) greatly exhausted, and every year there are new pathotypes of the pathogen able to overcome previous effective resistance genes (Lr, Sr, Yr-genes). Therefore, the stability test of wheat varieties and breeding for resistance is conducted in a continuous loop. The extension of genetic diversity of spring bread wheat varieties is possible by the involvement in hybridization of the new sources of valuable biological and economical features from the world's gene pool. The article on artificial infectious background investigation conducted spring wheat varieties for resistance to rusts and selected for the selection of resistant forms of immunity. The research revealed the forms resistant to leaf and stem rust and featuring high yielding potential.