Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections of future climate change in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes in temperature, precipitation, CO 2 and nitrogen across major terrestrial vegetation types of the world. Most experiments manipulated single rather than multiple global change drivers in temperate ecosystems of the USA, Europe and China. The magnitudes of warming and elevated CO 2 treatments were consistent with the ranges of future projections, whereas those of precipitation changes and nitrogen inputs often exceeded the projected ranges. Increases in global change drivers consistently accelerated, but decreased precipitation slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic and antagonistic) effects among global change drivers were rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively to increased precipitation and nitrogen addition and positively to decreased precipitation and elevated CO 2. The sensitivities of carbon variables to multiple global change drivers depended on the background climate and ecosystem condition, suggesting that Earth system models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions for best uses of this large dataset. Together, this synthesis underscores an urgent need to explore the interactions among multiple global change drivers in underrepresented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests in the tropics and subtropics, and Arctic tundra when forecasting future terrestrial carbon-climate feedback.

Utilizing winter (November-March) accumulated snow depth data at 60 stations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) for the period 1960-98, three typical patterns of the TP snow anomaly's spatial distribution were objectively classified by means of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. They are characterized by light snow over the entire Tibet region (LS pattern), by an eastern Tibet heavy snow (ETHS pattern), and by a southwestern Tibet heavy snow (SWTHS pattern), respectively. The possible relations between various patterns of the Tibet winter snow anomaly and subsequent summer monsoon and rainfall over south, southeast, and east Asia are investigated using composite analysis. In ETHS and SWTHS years, the south and southeast Asian summer monsoon becomes weak and there is less summer rainfall over south and southeast Asia than in normal years. In LS years, the anomalies of the subsequent summer monsoon and rainfall are opposite to those in ETHS and SWTHS years. The physical mechanism is, in part, attributed to the impact of heavy snow on Tibet's atmospheric temperature, on the land-sea meridional thermal contrast, and also on the strength of the summer monsoon. The variation of summer rainfall over China associated with the preceding winter TP snow anomaly is also analyzed. There is a clear positive correlation between the Tibetan winter snow and the subsequent summer rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (central China). In contrast to the previous studies that use snow cover averaged over all of the Tibetan Plateau as a single number, the association between the winter snow and the subsequent summer precipitation over east China is much clearer.

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