In the linguistic field, the problem of the metaphorboth as a process that creates new meanings of language expressions in the course of rethinking them and as a ready-made metaphorical meaninghas been considered for a long time rather as a stylistic tool or artistic device. Less commonly, a metaphor was considered as a means of nomination, even less oftenas a way to create a linguistic picture of the world, resulting from cognitive manipulation of the meanings already in the language with the aim of creating new concepts. The latter applies especially to those areas of reflection of the reality are not given in direct sensation. The relevance of this research is due to the fact that, at the modern stage of the development of linguistics, a new interpretation of facts becomes a new reality. In this case, it can be argued that new approaches in modern linguistics also lead to the discovery of new realities. Objects seen from a new angle reveal new properties. This research paper reviews this issue from language and cultural aspects, and specifically gives attention to the cognitive metaphors of indirect communication. The authors use theoretical approaches to the study of this issue and based on empirical analyses, justify the selected types of metaphors.

The description of the axiological concepts of the journalistic texts are related to solving the issues of media-linguistics, and axiological linguistics, while also providing insight to solve the pragmatic problems of linguistics itself. Values are embodied in language and consciousness in the form of axiological concepts and, together with archetypal concepts, form part of the axiological conceptosphere of an individual or community. In turn, axiological and archetypal concepts are updated against the background of axiological strategies that form a discursive space and determine the deployment of certain communicative scenarios. Integration processes in modern science determine the appeal of linguists to axiological concepts and methods in the study of the text. The urgency of the topic is due to several factors. Media texts are of interest to researchers since they are distinguished by stylistic multidimensionality and variability. Scientists are actively arguing about the correlation of such functional and cognitive phenomena as a media course, a media text, a journalistic style, a style of mass communication, etc. Linguists talk about the merging of social discourse with the media discourse about the mediation of journalism. Therefore, the relevance of this work lies in the development, expansion and deepening of scientific research of media texts as a communicative, cognitive and functional-stylistic phenomenon, in the creation of an invariant model of the axiological structure of the text, which provides the opportunity for effective study and description of the object, and in the development of metalanguage of linguistics. The aim of the research is to describe the axiological component of a newspaper text.

Abstract. Nurgaziyev M, Atenov Y, Khassenbekova Z, Akpanova S, Rysbekov K, Kozhakhmetov S, Nurgozhina A, Sergazy S, Chulenbayeva L, Ospanova Z, Tuyakova A, Mukhambetganov N, Sattybayeva R, Urazova S, Galymgozhina N, Zhumadilova A, Gulyaev A, Kushugulova A. 2020. Effect of mare’s milk prebiotic supplementation on the gut microbiome and the immune system following antibiotic therapy. Biodiversitas 21: 5065-5071. Antibiotic treatment can severely affect the gut microbiome for short-term and long-term consequences. Probiotic and prebiotic supplements are widely prescribed to modulate the composition and function of the human gut microbiome. The current study aims to determine the impacts of mare’s milk prebiotics on the diversity of gut bacterial communities and the local immune system when administered during and after a course of antibiotic therapy. Six children aged 4 to 5 years diagnosed with bilateral bronchopneumonia were prescribed cephalosporin (cefuroxime) antibiotics. During the 60 days of the study, three children consumed mare’s milk prebiotics, while the other three did not. Fecal samples were collected daily during antibiotic therapy and every five days after the last day of antibiotic treatment. Total DNA was isolated, and the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome was analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 region). The MULTIPLEX MAP platform was used to evaluate the local immune status. The relative abundance of 11 genera was reduced and did not recover until the last day of the study. The abundance of Bacteroides was not significantly altered in either group. Christensenella, Rothia, Abiotrophia, Acinetobacter, Anaerotruncus, Holdemania, and Turicibacter numbers were significantly increased on day five and remained at the same level during the study period. Cephalosporin administration also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (MIP1α, TNFα, GMCSF, GCSF, sCD40L, FGF2, TGFα, IL1α, and IP10).

The article is devoted to the study of the sub-standard vocabulary of the English language using examples of American slang, which makes up its main part. The development of language and society entails the constant emergence of new units of both standard and non-standard vocabulary. Knowledge of this layer of vocabulary is necessary for a better understanding of native English speakers, modern literature and mass media. The definitions and stylistic characteristics of the layers of non-standard vocabulary are indicated, combining them into a lexico-semantic paradigm based on the principle of socio-cultural and stylistic determinism of their functioning. The communicative structure of a literary text as a linguocultural space is determined to identify the stylistic characteristics of non-standard lexical units. The features of the conceptualization of the world through non-standard vocabulary are revealed. In addition, the article describes the communicative and pragmatic techniques of non-standard vocabulary at the lexical and semantic levels. At the word-formation level, non-standard compatibility manifests itself, as a rule, through a language game created with the help of word-formation means, as a rule, it is affixation, contamination, abbreviation, truncation.

With the development of the current topic of the COVID-19 pandemic in the German language, as well as in other languages, socio-culturally determined neoplasms have appeared, indicating the transformation of society and changes in the ways of understanding and understanding the world, in particular, the conceptualization of the space of society in the context of the corona crisis that has engulfed the entire globe. Using the concept of soziale Distanz as an example, the author examines the features of the verbal representation of the ways of perceiving spatial relations that have developed in the era of a large-scale pandemic that has changed the way of life of people, including the format and structure of social space. The analysis of the material under study showed that in a pandemic, there is a rethinking of social space, in particular social distance, considered in the framework of cognitive linguistics as a way to ensure safety and a guarantee of health.