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Steerable catheters are rapidly evolving and still require technological refinements to extend current capabilities.

BackgroundBovine serum albumin (BSA) contains high affinity binding sites for several endogenous and exogenous compounds and has been used to replace human serum albumin (HSA), as these two compounds share a similar structure. Naringin palmitate is a modified product of naringin that is produced by an acylation reaction with palmitic acid, which is considered to be an effective substance for enhancing naringin lipophilicity. In this study, the interaction of naringin palmitate with BSA was characterised by spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe goal of this study was to investigate the interactions between naringin palmitate and BSA under physiological conditions, and differences in naringin and naringin palmitate affinities for BSA were further compared and analysed. The formation of naringin palmitate-BSA was revealed by fluorescence quenching, and the Stern-Volmer quenching constant (KSV) was found to decrease with increasing temperature, suggesting that a static quenching mechanism was involved. The changes in enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) for the interaction were detected at −4.11±0.18 kJ·mol−1 and −76.59±0.32 J·mol−1·K−1, respectively, which indicated that the naringin palmitate-BSA interaction occurred mainly through van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond formation. The negative free energy change (ΔG) values of naringin palmitate at different temperatures suggested a spontaneous interaction. Circular dichroism studies revealed that the α-helical content of BSA decreased after interacting with naringin palmitate. Displacement studies suggested that naringin palmitate was partially bound to site I (subdomain IIA) of the BSA, which was also substantiated by the molecular docking studies.Conclusions/SignificanceIn conclusion, naringin palmitate was transported by BSA and was easily removed afterwards. As a consequence, an extension of naringin applications for use in food, cosmetic and medicinal preparations may be clinically and practically significant, especially in the design of new naringin palmitate-inspired drugs.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to explore the relation between TMAO and ischemic stroke (IS) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). A total of 68 patients with AF with IS and 111 ones without IS were enrolled. The plasma levels of TMAO remarkably increased in IS-AF patients (8.25 ± 1.58 µM) compared with patients with AF (2.22 ± 0.09 µM, P < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the best cutoff value of TMAO to predict IS in patients with AF was 3.53 µM with 75.0% sensitivity and 92.8% specificity (area under the curve: 0.917, 95% confidence intervals: 0.877-0.957). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TMAO was an independent predictor in IS. The level of TMAO was correlated with the CHA2DS2-VASc score. In conclusion, TMAO was an independent predictor of IS, which could potentially refine stroke stratification in patients with AF.