Sulfate can be activated by ATP sulfurylase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase (APSK) in vivo. Recent studies suggested that APSK in Arabidopsis thaliana regulated the partition between APS reduction and phosphorylation and its activity can be modulated by cellular redox status. In order to study regulation of APSK in rice (OsAPSK), OsAPSK1 gene was cloned and its activity was analyzed. OsAPSK1 C36 and C69 were found to be the conserved counterparts of C86 and C119, which involved in disulfide formation in AtAPSK. C36A/C69A OsAPSK1 double mutation was made by site directed mutagenesis. OsAPSK1 and its mutant were prokaryotically over-expressed and purified, and then assayed for APS phosphorylation activity. OsAPSK1 activity was depressed by oxidized glutathione, while the activity of its mutant was not. Further studies in the case that oxidative stress will fluctuate in vivo 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate content, and all APSK isoenzymes have similar regulation patterns are necessary to be performed.

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Since the introduction of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technology, it has been widely used in powder metallurgy forming and improving the densification of castings. With the increasing demand for the performance of nickel-based single crystal superalloy, more and more scholars started research on the application of hot isostatic pressing in nickel-based single crystal superalloy. This article summarizes the current research progress in the application of hot isostatic pressing to the high temperature of nickel-based single crystals, explains the elimination effect of hot isostatic pressing on porosity and other pore defects in nickel-based single crystal superalloy, analyzes the pore healing mechanism, and the changes in mechanical properties such as tensile, endurance, and fatigue of the alloy after applying hot isostatic pressing are shown. Finally, the future development of China's hot isostatic pressing technology is prospected.

The process of laser metal deposition was easy to be affected by fluctuations of environment and process parameters, leading to the deviation of melt pool temperature or deposition morphology and so on. Accumulation of small deviation would result in the instability of deposition process and lead to the failure of forming. Therefore, the on-line monitoring of laser metal deposition process was studied, involving thermal history of forming parts, temperature and size of melt pool, deposition morphology and forming defects, and so on. In this paper, the on-line monitoring technologies, such as thermocouple temperature measurement, infrared thermal imaging, high-speed camera and other monitoring methods, were introduced, and the open-loop monitoring, closed-loop feedback control and closed-loop feedforward control technologies were illustrated in detail. According to the research situation, the future development of on-line monitoring in laser metal deposition was prospected.

Bio-inspired design (BID) involves generating innovative ideas for engineering design by drawing inspiration from natural biological phenomena and systems, using a form of design-by-analogy. Despite its many successes, BID approaches encounter research challenges including unstructured data and existing models that hinder comprehension and processing, limited focus on finding biological knowledge compared to defined problems, and insufficient guidance of the ideation process with algorithms. This paper proposes a knowledge-based approach to address the challenges. The approach involves transforming unstructured data into structured knowledge, including information about natural sources, their benefits, and applications. The structured knowledge is then used to construct a semantic network, enabling designers to retrieve information for BID in two ways. Furthermore, a three-step ideation method is developed to encourage divergent thinking and explore additional potential solutions by drawing inspiration and utilizing knowledge. The knowledge-based BID approach is implemented as a tool and design cases are conducted to illustrate the process of applying this tool for BID.