Nanotubes have an outstanding potential to transport or store gases and fluids for fuel cells, energy conversion, catalysis, and drug release.[1±10] Nanotube walls with an internal fine structure and thus a high specific interface area should strongly enhance the reactivity as well as the capability for adsorption. Furthermore, the efficiency of transport processes within and across the nanotube walls should be improved. We report on a simple method to generate nanotubes with controllable wall morphology or porosity in the nanometer range. It consists of three steps: the formation of multi-component nanotubes; demixing to generate coexisting phases within the tube walls; and the controlled ripening of the phase morphology. Depending on the selected components, their concentrations, and the ripening stage, nanotubes with characteristic wall morphologies were obtained. Selective removal of one component yields residual nanotubes with a specific nanoroughness and a controllable porosity. This fundamental concept should be applicable to a broad range of materials. We will demonstrate this exemplarily by means of structured palladium nanotubes, since palladium nanoparticles are of considerable interest for catalysis, [11±14] sensor technology, [15] and hydrogen storage. [16] Decomposition in thin films on smooth substrates has been investigated extensively.[17] Spinodal demixing induced either by a thermal quench or by the evaporation of a solvent generates a co-continuous phase morphology with a characteristic length. Simultaneously, ripening occurs to reduce the initially large internal interface area. The phase morphology is strongly affected by substrate/film and film/air interfaces, as well as by confinement effects.[18±22] Several groups have used thin films structured by phase separation for devices such as transistors, [23] light emitting diodes, [24] or photodiodes.[25] It would be advantageous if nanotubes with such well-defined morphologies could be obtained in a controlled way. However, to date, the range of wall morphologies accessible by preparation methods such as self-assembly [1±5] and the use of templates [6±10] is limited to core±shell structures via consecutive synthetic steps. [6,10] Our approach is based on wetting porous matrices that exhibit high surface energies with multicomponent melts or solutions containing polymers.[26] A mesoscopic film of the wetting liquid covers the pore walls rapidly, since polymers adsorb avidly on high energy surfaces.[27] A kinetically stable stationary state is generated when all adsorption sites on the pore wall are occupied. Solidification of the wetting liquid at this stage results in the preservation of nanotubes. Decomposition can be induced by solvent evaporation during wetting or by thermal quenching. Ripening occurs after the onset of phase separation, as long as the solvent concentration is sufficiently high to prevent solidification, or if the system is annealed at temperatures where at least one component is liquid. Freezing of the ripening pro...

Qilian Mountain permafrost, with area about 10×104 km2, locates in the north of Qinghai‐Tibet plateau. It equips with perfect conditions and has great prospecting potential for gas hydrate. The Scientific Drilling Project of Gas Hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost, which locates in Juhugeng of Muri Coalfield, Tianjun County, Qinghai Province, has been implemented by China Geological Survey in 2008–2009. Four scientific drilling wells have been completed with a total footage of 2059.13 m. Samples of gas hydrate are collected separately from holes DK‐1, DK‐2 and DK‐3. Gas hydrate is hosted under permafrost zone in the 133–396 m interval. The sample is white crystal and easily burning. Anomaly low temperature has been identified by the infrared camera. The gas hydrate‐bearing cores strongly bubble in the water. Gas‐bubble and water‐drop are emitted from the hydrate‐bearing cores and then characteristic of honeycombed structure is left The typical spectrum curve of gas hydrate is detected using Raman spectrometry. Furthermore, the logging profile also indicates high electrical resistivity and sonic velocity. Gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain is characterized by a thinner permafrost zone, shallower buried depth, more complex gas component and coal‐bed methane origin etc.

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Kiwifruit bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) has brought about a severe threat to the kiwifruit industry worldwide since its first outbreak in 2008. Studies on other pathovars of P. syringae are revealing the pathogenesis of these pathogens, but little about the mechanism of kiwifruit bacterial canker is known. In order to explore the species-specific interaction between Psa and kiwifruit, we analyzed the transcriptomic profile of kiwifruit infected by Psa. After 48 h, 8255 differentially expressed genes were identified, including those involved in metabolic process, secondary metabolites metabolism and plant response to stress. Genes related to biosynthesis of terpens were obviously regulated, indicating terpens may play roles in suppressing the growth of Psa. We identified 283 differentially expressed resistant genes, of which most U-box domain containing genes were obviously up regulated. Expression of genes involved in plant immunity was detected and some key genes showed differential expression. Our results suggest that Psa induced defense response of kiwifruit, including PAMP (pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns)-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity and hypersensitive response. Metabolic process was adjusted to adapt to these responses and production of secondary metabolites may be altered to suppress the growth of Psa.