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Here, we propose a self-assembly process to prepare hierarchical HM-SiO2@Co–Al LDH@graphene, with the purpose of combining their outstanding performance. Hollow mesoporous silica was first synthesized as the core, using a novel sonochemical method, followed by a controlled shell coating process and chemical reduction. As a result of the electrostatic potential difference among HM-SiO2, Co–Al LDH, and graphene oxide, the HM-SiO2 spheres were coated by Co–Al LDH and graphene. Subsequently, the HM-SiO2@Co–Al LDH@graphene spheres were introduced into an epoxy resin (EP) matrix for investigation of their toxic effluents capture and elimination effectiveness during combustion. The amount of toxic CO and volatile organic compounds from the epoxy resin decomposition significantly suppressed after incorporating the HM-SiO2@Co–Al LDH@graphene hybrids, implying a reduced toxicity.

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A hybrid material (HPPA-SH-mSiO 2 ) containing multiple flame-retardant elements was synthesized and characterized using NMR, FTIR, and XPS techniques. This hybrid was synthesized by the "thiol-ene" click reaction of thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica (SH-mSiO 2 ) with ene-terminated hyperbranched polyphosphate acrylate (HPPA).When 2 wt% HPPA-SH-mSiO 2 hybrid was added to an epoxy matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the incorporation of HPPA-SH-mSiO 2 increased the thermal stability of epoxy resin composites. Moreover, the combustion behavior of epoxy composites was investigated using a cone calorimeter, and the results show that the PHRR and THR of EP/HPPA-SH-mSiO 2 composites clearly decreased by 28.7% and 16%, respectively. Volatile toxic compounds such as aromatic compounds, CO, carbonyl compounds, and hydrocarbons were identified using TGA-infrared spectroscopy coupling technique. The effect of HPPA-SH-mSiO 2 hybrids on the removal of toxic volatiles was also

Here, we present a multifunctional bio-based polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated hydroxyapatite (HAP@CS@LSF) as a green flame retardant through layer-by-layer inspired assembly using hydroxyapatite, chitosan, and lignosulfonate. The electrostatic interactions deposited the chitosan/lignosulfonate coating on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Subsequently, this multifunctional flame retardant was used to enhance thermal properties, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol). The addition of HAP@CS@LSF to poly(vinyl alcohol) thermally stabilized the poly(vinyl alcohol) composites and resulted in a higher char yield. Furthermore, hydroxyapatite played a critical role and generated synergies with chitosan and lignosulfonate to improve fire safety of poly(vinyl alcohol). Meanwhile, the poly(vinyl alcohol) composites exhibited superior enhancements in tensile strength than that of pure poly(vinyl alcohol).