mesoporous stack-titania (m-TiO 2 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ), carbon (C)-is printable, C-PSCs are ideal for large scale production and, interestingly, some features that prevent degradation, i.e., lack of metal cathode [9] and organic HTM, [10] are also responsible for the simpler manufacturing process, paving the way for C-PSCs to move quickly from the lab to the market. This module architecture not only uses low-cost materials but can be produced by equipment that has a very low-capital cost thus reducing the barrier to commercialization of perovskite modules. Constraining the grain growth of the perovskite completely within the three mesoporous structures enables crystallization of the perovskite over large areas without the need for dynamic drying [11,12] to mimic the spin coating process. [13] There have been some reports demonstrating that C-PSC modules can be produced by screen printing, via registration of the overlapping layers, and can deliver between 10 and 11% power conversion efficiency (PCE) on 10 × 10 cm 2 substrates, with active areas ranging from 47.6 [7,14] to 70 cm 2 , [15] and, in particular, showing over 1 year stability under illumination, as reported by Grancini et al. [7] These results for C-PSC modules are even more remarkable, considering that modules with comparable active areas (>45 cm 2 ) and different device architecture, yielded respectively 12.6% PCE on 50.6 cm 2 (FTO/c-TiO 2 /graphene+m-TiO 2 / GO-Li/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au), [16] 8.7% PCE on 60 cm 2 (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PCBM/Au), [17] and 4.3% PCE on 100 cm 2 (FTO/c-TiO 2 /m-TiO 2 /perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/ Au) [11] ; moreover, the record for PSC modules overall is Microquanta's 16% PCE [18,19] on just 16.29 cm 2 aperture area (active area + dead area for interconnections).Upscaling C-PSC manufacture from 10 × 10 cm 2 to larger substrate dimensions, e.g., A4 size as in our case, is far from trivial. Spraying the TiO 2 blocking layer (BL) at temperatures as high as 300 °C causes the large substrates to crack in the worst case or to bend, compromising the thickness homogeneity over the substrate of the printed layers, mostly and more crucially for the thinnest of the three, the sub-micrometric m-TiO 2 . Any change in the layers' thickness across the substrate can affect the performance of individual cells constituting the module Perovskite solar cells based on an all printable mesoporous stack, made of overlapping titania, zirconia, and carbon layers, represent a promising device architecture for both simple, low-cost manufacture, and outstanding stability. Here a breakthrough in the upscaling of this technology is reported: Screen printed modules on A4 sized conductive glass substrates, delivering power conversion efficiency (PCE) ranging from 3 to 5% at 1 sun on an unprecedented 198 cm 2 active area. An increase in the PCE, due to higher V OC and fill factor, is demonstrated by patterning the TiO 2 blocking layer. Furthermore, an unexpected increase of the performance is observed over time, while storing the modules in the dark,...

Near infrared sintering in less than 25 seconds for enhanced commercial viability of screen printed perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained increasing interest for space applications. However, before they can be deployed into space, their resistance to ionizing radiations, such as high-energy protons, must be demonstrated. Herein, the effect of 150 keV protons on the performance of PSCs based on aluminumdoped zinc oxide (AZO) transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is investigated. A record power conversion efficiency of 15% and 13.6% is obtained for cells based on AZO under AM1.5G and AM0 illumination, respectively. It is demonstrated that PSCs can withstand proton irradiation up to 10 13 protons cm À2 without significant loss in efficiency. From 10 14 protons cm À2 , a decrease in short-circuit current of PSCs is observed, which is consistent with interfacial degradation due to deterioration of the Spiro-OMeTAD holes transport layer during proton irradiation. The structural and optical properties of perovskite remain intact up to high fluence levels. Although shallow trap states are induced by proton irradiation in perovskite bulk at low fluence levels, charges are released efficiently and are not detrimental to the cell's performance. This work highlights the potential of PSCs based on AZO TCO to be used for space applications and gives a deeper understanding of interfacial degradation due to proton irradiation.

Perovskite photovoltaics have shown great promise in device efficiency but also the promise of scalability through solution‐processed manufacture. Efforts to scale perovskites have been taken through printable mesoporous scaffolds and slot die coating of flexible substrates roll‐to‐roll (R2R). However, to date there has been no demonstration of entirely R2R‐coated devices due to the lack of a compatible solution‐processable back electrode; instead, high‐value evaporated metal contacts are employed as a post process. Here, in this study, the combination of a low‐temperature device structure and R2R‐compatible solution formulations is employed to make a fully R2R printable device architecture overcoming interlayer incompatibilities and recombination losses. Therefore, the n–i–p device structure of SnO2/perovskite/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon is employed to form an ohmic contact between a p‐type semiconductor and printable carbon electrode. In particular, the results show that the small‐scale device efficiencies of 13–14% are achieved, matching the device performance of evaporated gold electrodes. Also, this entirely R2R‐coated perovskite prototype represents a game changer, reaching over 10% (10.8) stabilized power conversion efficiency with unencapsulated long‐term stability retaining 84% of its original efficiency over 1000 h under 70% RH and 25 °C.

A MoOx interlayer is used to enable the deposition of an ITO/Ag/ITO electrode for semi-transparent perovskite solar cells.