Although the current evidence supports a positive link between cigarette smoking and risk of gallbladder cancer, additional population-based studies, particularly cohort studies, are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.

These findings of this systematic review indicate that compared with nondiabetic individuals, diabetic women have an 18% increased risk of GC development. However, diabetic men have a similar risk of GC.

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There were inconsistent results with respect to the correlation between consumption of wine and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We carried out a meta-analysis to investigate this issue. We included observational studies on the aforementioned relationship according to a literature search of Embase and Pubmed from inception till 28 February 2017. The summary relative risk (SRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. A total of eight case–control and nine cohort studies were identified, involving 12 110 CRC cases. The study showed that wine drinking was not associated with any greater risk for CRC (SRR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.89–1.10; P heterogeneity<0.001) compared with nondrinkers. The subgroup analyses indicated that null associations were observed in men and women for colon and rectal cancer. Neither light to moderate (<2 drinks/day; SRR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.80–1.08, I 2 =69.2%) nor heavy (≥2 drinks/day; SRR=1.00, 95% CI: 0.86–1.16, I 2 =39.9%) consumption of wine was associated statistically with CRC risk. This meta-analysis suggests that any wine consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC. Null associations were shown in men and women for colon and rectal cancer.