Self-stabilized copolymer nanoparticles are easily and productively synthesized by a chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole (Py) and 2-hydroxy-5-sulfonic aniline (HS) in 1 M HCl without any external template. UV−vis, IR, 1D 1H NMR, 2D 1H−1H COSY NMR, and 2D 1H−13C HSQC NMR all indicate that a real copolymerization occurs between HS and Py comonomers and Py units construct the main position of the copolymer. On the basis of the elemental analysis, the reactivity ratios of HS and Py comonomers are calculated to be 0.043 and 1.14, respectively. The polymerization yield, size, morphology, and electrical conductivity of the copolymer particles can significantly be optimized by the comonomer ratio, polymerization temperature, and ammonium persulfate oxidant/comonomer ratio. The copolymer particles always keep narrow size distribution with a small polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.05−1.08. HS/Py(50/50) copolymer nanoparticles synthesized at 0 °C are found to generally have irregular granular morphology with the smallest diameter of 35−60 nm and the lowest PDI of 1.05 by laser particle-size analyzer, FE-SEM, and TEM. The mechanisms of the formation and intrinsic self-stabilization of the nanoparticles are proposed based on the powerful static repulsion from negatively charged sulfonic and hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticles. Through simple dedoping and redoping procedures, the copolymer particles exhibit a widely adjustable conductivity from 10−9 to 1.12 S cm−1. These copolymer nanoparticles show high conductivity, good self-stability, and powerful redispersibility in water and organic media. Nanocomposite films of the copolymer nanoparticles in polyvinylalcohol possess a low percolation threshold down to 0.09 wt % as well as retain 80−95% transparency and 102−108 times the conductivity of the pure polyvinylalcohol film in the nanoparticle loading from 0.09 to 3 wt %.

Recently, the fabrication of electronics-related components via direct ink writing (DIW) has attracted much attention. Compared to the conventionally fabricated electronic components, DIW-printed ones have more complicated structures, higher accuracy, improved efficiency, and even enhanced performances that arise from well-designed architectures. The DIW technology allows directly print materials on a variety of flat substrates, even a conformal one, well suiting them to applications such as wearable devices and on-chip integrations. Here, recent developments in DIW printing of emerging components for electronics-related applications are briefly reviewed, including electrodes, electronic circuits, and functional components. The printing techniques, processes, ink materials, advantages, and properties of DIW-printed architectures are discussed. Finally, the challenges and outlooks on the manufacture of 3D structured electronic devices by DIW are outlined, pointing out future designs and developments of DIW technology for electronics-related applications. The combination of DIW and electronic devices will help to improve the quality of human life and promote the development of science and society.

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1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (TFTFE) was used as a support solvent of solvate ionic liquid (SIL) for lithium-sulfur battery. The fluorinated ether improves the cell performance remarkably.