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Green innovation efficiency is the symbol of competitiveness; sustainable development is an important way to enhance social and economic development comprehensively. By deeply understanding the coordination development law and facilitating the development progress between the two, it has great practical significance for the promotion of sustainable development in China. Based on multi-source data, this paper discusses the basic principle of the climbing rule for the coordination process between sustainable development and green innovation efficiency in urban agglomerations and constructs a mathematical model to obtain its geometric expression. Then, according to the entropy weight model, SBM-DEA model and coordination model, the sustainable development level, green innovation efficiency and coordinated development level are calculated. Finally, through the simulation verification methods, the coordination process and the formation and development process of urban agglomerations are cross-discussed. The results are as follows: (1) The differences in growth rates are the main reason for the spatial distribution mismatch between sustainable development and green innovation efficiency. (2) Highly coordinated regions have gradually extended from the national level to the surrounding low-level urban agglomerations. (3) The coordination level between sustainable development and green innovation efficiency passed the antagonism period and is expected to rise further in the near future and (4) The coordination progress in urban agglomeration is a wave-like climbing curve that changes with the development of urban agglomeration.

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