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Condyloma acuminatum (CA) or anogenital warts, a benign epithelial neoplasm caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, is a most frequent sexually transmitted disease (STI). 1,2 The World Health Organization reports that 101 million people are infected with CA each year globally, and the incidence rate reaches 0.5-1% with an increasing trend year by year. 3,4 CA is also listed as one of the

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Background Few studies have reported postoperative relapse of condyloma acuminatum (CA) after 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients. Methods The clinical data of HIV‐positive CA patients treated with ALA‐PDT from October 2018 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to analyze the variables related to postoperative recurrence. Pearson correlation test was employed to analyze the correlation between CD4+ T cell count and postoperative recurrence rate. Kaplan–Meier method was used to compare the CA recurrence after ALA‐PDT in low CD4 group and high CD4 group. Results A total of 38 HIV‐positive patients with CA were included in the study. Among them, 26 patients experienced CA recurrence within 6 months, and the recurrence rate was 68.4%. CD4+ T cell count was 187.0 (79.0–596.0) cells/μl in relapsed patients and 406.0 (89.0–612.0) cells/μl in non‐relapsed patients, showing a statistically significant difference (p = .005). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis revealed a negative correlation between CD4+ T cell count and postoperative recurrence rate (p = .005, r = −.443). Univariate regression analysis showed that CD4+ T cell count was correlated with postoperative recurrence, hazard ratio (HR) was 0.99 [95% Confidence interval (CI) = 0.99–1.0, p = .012]. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that with the low CD4+ T cell count as the reference, the high CD4+ T cell count was negatively correlated with postoperative recurrence (HR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.87, p = .038). Conclusions Peripheral blood CD4+ T cell count can predict the CA recurrence rate after ALA‐PDT in HIV‐positive patients.