Cyclin D1 encodes the regulatory subunit of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the retinoblastoma protein and promotes progression through the G1-S phase of the cell cycle. Amplification or overexpression of cyclin D1 plays pivotal roles in the development of a subset of human cancers including parathyroid adenoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, and prostate cancer. Of the three D-type cyclins, each of which binds cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), it is cyclin D1 overexpression that is predominantly associated with human tumorigenesis and cellular metastases. In recent years accumulating evidence suggests that in addition to its original description as a CDK-dependent regulator of the cell cycle, cyclin D1 also conveys cell cycle or CDK-independent functions. Cyclin D1 associates with, and regulates activity of, transcription factors, coactivators and corepressors that govern histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling proteins. The recent findings that cyclin D1 regulates cellular metabolism, fat cell differentiation and cellular migration have refocused attention on novel functions of cyclin D1 and their possible role in tumorigenesis. In this review, both the classic and novel functions of cyclin D1 are discussed with emphasis on the CDK-independent functions of cyclin D1.

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Ac ompetitive complexation strategy has been developed to construct an ovel electrocatalyst with Zn-Co atomic pairs coordinated on Nd oped carbon support (Zn/ CoN-C). Sucha rchitecture offers enhanced binding ability of O 2 ,s ignificantly elongates the O À Ol ength (from 1.23 to 1.42 ), and thus facilitates the cleavage of O À Ob ond, showing at heoretical overpotential of 0.335 Vd uring ORR process.A saresult, the Zn/CoN-C catalyst exhibits outstanding ORR performance in both alkaline and acid conditions with ah alf-wave potential of 0.861 and 0.796 Vr espectively. The in situ XANES analysis suggests Co as the active center during the ORR. The assembled zinc-air battery with Zn/CoN-Ca sc athode catalyst presents am aximum power density of 230 mW cm À2 along with excellent operation durability.T he excellent catalytic activity in acid is also verified by H 2 /O 2 fuel cell tests (peak power density of 705 mW cm À2 ).

In a retrospective analysis of 147 patients who underwent early LT (before 6 months of abstinence) for severe AH, we found that most patients survive for 1 year (94%) and 3 years (84%), similar to patients receiving liver transplants for other indications. Sustained alcohol use after LT was infrequent but associated with increased mortality. Our findings support the selective use of LT as a treatment for severe AH. Prospective studies are needed to optimize selection criteria, management of patients after LT, and long-term outcomes.