High energy density and long cycle life of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries suffer from the shuttle/expansion effect. Sufficient sulfur storage space, local fixation of polysulfides, and outstanding electrical conductivity are crucial for a robust cathode host. Herein, a modified template method is proposed to synthesize a highly regular and uniform nitrogen/oxygen dual‐doped honeycomb‐like carbon as sulfur host (N/O‐HC‐S). The unique structure not only offers physical entrapment for polysulfides (LiPSs) but also provides chemical adsorption and catalytic conversion sites of polysulfides. In addition, this structure offers enough space for loading sulfur, and a regular space of nanometer size can effectively prevent sulfur particles from accumulating. As expected, the as‐prepared N/O‐HC900‐S with high areal sulfur loading (7.4 mg cm−2) shows a high areal specific capacity of 7.35 mAh cm−2 at 0.2 C. Theoretical calculations also reveal that the strong chemical immobilization and catalytic conversion of LiPSs attributed to the spin density and charge distribution of carbon atoms will be influenced by the neighbor nitrogen/oxygen dopants. This structure that provides cooperative chemical adsorption, high lithium ions flux, and catalytic conversion for LiPSs can offer a new strategy for constructing a polysulfide confinement structure to achieve robust Li–S batteries.

Aggregation behavior of DBSA, in water was investigated, showing a concentration-driven micelle-to-vesicle transition. Interestingly, wet–dry cycles can induce micelle-to-vesicle transition and multilamellar vesicle formation.

Sodium monododecylphosphate (SDP), a typical single‐chain amphiphile (SCA), exhibits extremely low solubility in water, which limits the investigation on its aggregation behavior. In the current work, we introduced short‐ and medium‐chain alcohols into the SDP‐water system to improve its solubility. An isotropic phase was found to be formed in the presence of alcohol with a suitable dielectric constant (11–25) or alkyl chain (2–7 carbons). In addition, vesicular, dendritic, and micellar structures were identified in the isotropic phase, depending on the composition of the SDP/alcohol/H2O ternary systems. The structure, stability, permeability, and formation mechanism of the vesicles formed in the SDP/n‐pentanol (NPT)/H2O system were investigated. The vesicles have a unilamellar structure, with size‐selective permeability. They show remarkable stability upon long‐term storage, exposure to high temperature, and freeze‐thawing cycles, but are metastable in thermodynamics. The hydrogen bonding between SDP molecules plays an important role in the formation of vesicles. Furthermore, the SDP/NPT/H2O vesicles were used to construct three spatially segregated enzyme‐loaded compartments to support a cascade enzyme reaction. The chemical signal transduction among the enzyme‐loaded vesicles was achieved. This study provides a deeper understanding of the features of SDP vesicles and demonstrates their potential applications such as in biomembrane mimicking and micro‐reactors.

In this study, a chitosan-based, self-assembled nanosystem that codelivered microRNA34a (miR34a) and doxorubicin (Dox) with hyaluronic acid (HA) modification (named CCmDH NPs) was developed to reverse the resistance of breast cancer (BCa) cells to Dox. The CCmDH NPs had a diameter of 180 ± 8.3 nm and a ζ potential of 16.5 mV with a slow-release effect for 96 h. The codelivery system could protect miR34a from nuclease and serum degradation and transport miR34a and Dox into drug-resistant MCF-7/A cells. In addition, the CCmDH NPs could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis by regulating the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and poly­(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and inhibit invasion, metastasis, and adhesion by regulating E-cadherin, N-cadherin, MMP2, CD44, and Snail molecules. The CCmDH NPs induced a 73.7% tumor reduction in xenograft tumor growth in nude mice in vivo. This study provides evidence for the anticancer activity of CCmDH NPs carrying Dox and miR34a in BCa, especially metastatic Dox-resistant BCa models.

Monoalkyl phosphates (MAPs) are one kind of important single-chain weak acid/salt type surfactants, but the understanding of their aggregation behavior in water is very limited due to their insolubility at...