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BackgroundDelirium is one of the most common problems in intensive care units (ICU), and it has a detrimental influence on the patients' health. Estimating the prevalence of delirium in ICU patients and understanding the risk factors for delirium are crucial tasks.ObjectiveTo offer empirical support for early detection of the risk of delirium in ICU patients, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to analyse the incidence， prevalence and risk factors of delirium in ICU patients.MethodsFrom inception to 19th December 2021, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) and Weipu Database (VIP) were searched for inclusion to the study. The quality of the included studies was assessed by two investigators independently. The outcomes of the meta‐analysis, which was conducted using the Stata 12.0 software, were reported using odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was determined using the I2 statistic.ResultsIn this meta‐analysis, 51 studies with a total of 39 076 patients were evaluated. The incidence and prevalence of delirium in ICU patients were 31 per 1000 and 33%, respectively. A total of 28 risk factors were identified. Of these 28 risk factors, the top five modifiable risk factors were pain (OR = 19.74, 95% CI [8.86–30.61]), use of physical restraints (OR = 15.46, 95% CI [3.68–27.25]), respiratory diseases (OR = 14.3, 95% CaI [8.42–20.19]), sleep deprivation (OR = 9.4, 95% CI [6.8–12.1]) and surgery (OR = 8.98, 95% CI [7–15.27]). Non‐modifiable risk factors included age (OR = 1.06, 95% CI[1.04, 1.07]) and gender (OR = 1.45, 95% CI[1.13, 1.77]). Of these 51 studies included in this analysis, 30 studies were shown with a low risk of bias while 21 studies were shown with a moderate risk of bias. Our results also demonstrated that 21 studies and 30 studies with intermediate methodological quality and low methodological quality respectively.ConclusionDelirium was shown to be prevalent among ICU patients. There are 28 risk factors for delirium that we discovered. These risk factors can assist physicians, nurses and other health care professionals prevent delirium in ICU patients.Relevance to practiceDelirium in ICU patients can potentially be prevented through appropriate prevention strategies by intensive care staff.

Background To provide an economical and practical defibrillator for first aid teaching and training, to reduce the cost of teaching and training, increase teaching and training equipment, provide trainees with more hands-on training sessions, and improve first aid capabilities. Methods Developing a special teaching defibrillator with the same structure and operation configuration as the clinical medical emergency defibrillator. The appearance, structure and operating accessories of the two defibrillators are the same. The difference between the defibrillator and the clinical medical emergency defibrillator are as follows: the clinical medical emergency defibrillator can be energized, and there are expensive electronic accessories and defibrillation accessories for charging and discharging in the machine. When discharging, the electrode plate has current discharged into the human body; the power plug of the “special defibrillator for teaching and training” is a fake plug. When the power is plugged in, no current enters the body and the machine. There are no expensive electronic accessories and defibrillation accessories for charging and discharging, and no current is discharged during discharge. Then compare the teaching effect of the special defibrillator for teaching and training and the clinical medical emergency defibrillator (including operation score and attitude after training). Results The scores of defibrillator operation in the experimental group of junior college students (87.77 ± 4.11 vs. 83.30 ± 4.56, P < 0.001) and the experimental group of undergraduate students (90.40 ± 3.67 vs. 89.12 ± 3.68, P = 0.011) were higher than those in the corresponding control group; The attitude of junior college students in the experimental group and undergraduate students in the experimental group after training was more positive than that of the corresponding control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The special defibrillator for teaching and training can save the purchase cost of teaching equipment, increase teaching and training resources, and improve the trainee’s defibrillation ability, defibrillation confidence and defibrillation security.