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AIM: To compare the oncological survival outcome between extended resections and segmental resection for non-metastatic splenic flexure tumors. METHODS: A total of 10063 splenic flexure colon cancers patients who underwent extended resection (n=5546) or segmental resection (n=4517) from 2010 to 2018 were included from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-registered database. Survival rates were compared between groups. To reduce the inherent bias of retrospective studies, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed. RESULTS: Patients from the extended resection group had higher pT stage, pN stage, larger tumor size, and higher rates of elevated CEA level, perineural invasion, and tumor deposits than those from the segmental resection group (each P<0.05). The 5-year CSS rate was slightly lower in extended resection patients than that in segmental resection patients (79.2% vs. 81.6%, P =0.002), while the 5-year OS were comparable between groups (66.2% vs. 66.9%, P =0.513). After the PSM performed, both the 5-year CSS and 5-year OS rates in extended resection group and segmental resection group were comparable (5-year CSS: 84.9% vs. 83.0%, P =0.577; 5-year OS: 70.6% vs. 66.0%, P =0.415). These findings were similar in the subgroup analysis that included only patients with stage III disease or with tumor size ≥ 7 cm. In addition, although the number of harvested lymph nodes was larger in the extended resection group compared to the segmental resection group (12.7 vs. 14.4, P<0.001), the numbers of invaded lymph nodes remained similar between groups (0.5 vs. 0.5, P=0.90). CONCLUSION: Extended procedures have no significant oncological benefits over segmental resection in the treatment of non-metastatic splenic flexure colon cancer, even for locally advanced cases. The larger number of harvested lymph nodes in the extended resection group did not confer any advantage relative to segmental resection with regard to CSS, since it was not associated with an increase in the number of invaded lymph nodes harvested.

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell. Plant nucleus: a giant in the organelle galaxyThe nucleus can be viewed as a gigantic organelle and is defined by a double-layered membrane structure called the nuclear envelope (NE). The NE sequesters the nuclear genome and spatially separates transcription from translation, an evolutionary invention that enables remarkable functions and regulations in the eukaryotic cell. Here, we briefly summarize current views in key aspects of the plant nucleus, including structure, composition, dynamics, and function, from the surface to the interior. Nuclear envelope protein composition and functionThe NE is thought to have evolved from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and coated vesicles and is composed of the outer nuclear membrane (ONM) and the inner nuclear membrane (INM), both of which harbor distinct collections of proteins that make the NE a platform for versatile functions and communications. Plant NE proteins have been reported to function in nuclear calcium signaling