No abstract

BACKGROUND: In order to improve the stability of vitamin E and broaden its scope of application, an effective solution is to convert vitamin E into its derivatives. This work developed a new Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) nanogel based on modification of ionic liquid with vinyl functional groups. This novel CRL nanogel was used in the preparation process of vitamin E succinate based on the principle of non-aqueous enzymology. At the same time, various factors including enzyme concentration, substrate molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time, that affect the yield of vitamin E succinate were optimized and analyzed.RESULTS: Different solvents with various hydrophobicity parameters (LogP values) from −1.3 to 3.5 were studied, it was found that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) had the lowest LogP value among organic solvents but vitamin E succinate had the highest yield in DMSO. Furthermore, the effect of different operating conditions, such as molar ratios of substrate, enzyme concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time was studied. Under the optimal process conditions (enzyme concentration 6 mg mL −1 , substrate molar ratio 4:1, reaction temperature 55°C and reaction time 15 h), the product yield was 62.58 ± 1.16%. CRL and CRL nanogel were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that CRL nanogel influenced the catalytic behavior of lipase significantly by changing the structure and surface properties of CRL. CONCLUSION: Novel lipase nanogel was an excellent biocatalyst for enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E succinate.

The research work investigates the effect of different pretreatment conditions (osmotic dehydration [OD], ultrasound [US], and ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration [UOD]) on the drying kinetics modeling, thermodynamics, weight reduction, degradation kinetics of vitamin C, and color of apple slices under pulsed vacuum dryer (PVD). The findings showed that UOD pretreatment significantly improved drying time and increased weight reduction comparative to OD, US, and the control sample. Drying kinetics modeling revealed that the Hii model better described the drying kinetic behavior of the apple slices than the other nine mathematical models based on higher coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and reduced chi‐square (χ2). Analysis of vitamin C content revealed a 46.05%, 31.28%, and 25.95% retention for UOD, US, and OD, respectively, after drying. Second‐order kinetics could accurately predict the degradation kinetics of vitamin C compared to first‐order kinetics. Vitamin C degradation kinetics showed lower k‐value, higher D‐value (time required for 90% degradation), and half‐life indicating a higher retention of vitamin C content for UOD pretreatment compared to OD and US during drying. L*, b*, and chroma values of UOD were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to US, OD, and the control sample. Practical Application The findings of this study revealed that ultrasonic‐aided osmotic dehydration is a unique and novel pretreatment technique prior to drying, which significantly shortens drying time as a result of faster moisture/mass transfer, improves processing efficiency thereby reducing processing cost, improves quality parameters, and preserve phytochemicals. This makes the business operations of food processors competitive and as well provide value for customers.

Review question / Objective: Subjects who were diagnosed with gaming Internet gaming disorder (IGD) to any valid clinical diagnostic criteria or scale will be included. There is no restriction on age, sex, race, or region of the enrolled participants. Study designs to be included: The selection criteria for the literature were as follows: (1) Cross-sectional survey studies published in peerreviewedjournals, (2) surveys of the general population, (3) studies with clearly reported baseline data orlongitudinal studies, (4) studies using reliable measures, (5) articles providing prevalence data, (6) studiesfrom 2000 (6) Studies conducted in 2000 or later, (7) Studies with a sample size of more than 300, (8)Studies in English, Chinese, or Korean, (9) Studies with a sample size of more than 300 (8) Articlespublished in English, Chinese, or Japanese. INPLASY registration number: This protocol was registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY) on 17 September 2022 and was last updated on 17 September 2022 (registration number INPLASY202290076).