Granites are generally the final products of crustal anatexis. The composition of the initial melts may be changed by fractional crystallization during magma evolution. Thus, it is crucial to retrieve the temperatures and pressures conditions of crustal anatexis on the basis of the composition of the initial melts rather than the evolved melts. Here we use a suite of ∼46–41 Ma granites from the Himalayan orogen to address this issue. These rocks can be divided into two groups in terms of their petrological and geochemical features. One group has high maficity (MgO + FeOt = 2–4 wt%) and mainly consists of two-mica granites, and is characterized by apparent adakite geochemical signatures, including high Sr concentrations, Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios; and low concentrations of HREE (heavy rare earth elements) and Y. The other group has low maficity (MgO + FeOt <1 wt%) and consists of subvolcanic porphyritic granites and garnet/tourmaline-bearing leucogranites. This group does not possess apparent adakite signatures. The low maficity group (LMG) has lower MgO + FeOt contents and the high maficity group (HMG) has higher Mg# compared with initial anatectic melts determined by experiment petrology and melt inclusions study. Petrological observations indicate that the HMG and the LMG can be explained as a crystal-rich cumulate and its fractionated melt, respectively, such that the initial anatectic melt is best represented by an intermediate composition. Such a cogenetic relationship is supported by the comparable Sr–Nd isotopic compositions of the two coeval groups. However, these compositions are also highly variable, pointing to a mixed source that was composed of amphibolite and metapelite with contrasting isotope compositions. We model the major and trace element compositions of anatectic melts generated by partial melting of the mixed source at four apparent thermobaric ratios of 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 °C/GPa. Modeling results indicate that melt produced at 1000 °C/GPa best matches the major and trace element compositions of the inferred initial melt compositions. In particular, a binary mixture generated from 10 vol% partial melting of amphibolite and 30 vol% melting of metapelite at 850 ± 50 °C and 8.5 ± 0.5 kbar gives the best match. Therefore, this study highlights that high thermobaric ratios and subsequent fractional crystallization are responsible for the generation of the apparent adakitic geochemical signatures, rather than melting at the base of the thickened crust as previously proposed. The thermal anomaly responsible for the Eocene magmatism in the Himalayan orogen was probably related to asthenosphere upwelling in response to rollback of the subducting Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab at the terminal stage of continental collision between India and Asia. As such, a transition in dynamic regime from compression to extension is necessary for the generation of high thermobaric ratios in the continental collision zone. Therefore, on the basis of evaluating the potential role of fractional crystallization in altering the composition of the initial melt, granite geochemistry coupled with thermodynamic modeling can better elucidate the petrogenesis of granites and the geodynamic mechanisms associated with anatexis at convergent plate boundaries.

Quantification of water content in silicate glasses is of vital significance in understanding magma evolution and metamorphic anataxis. Here we provide a method for the determination of total dissolved water content and water speciation in silicate melts by confocal laser Raman spectrometry based on a set of hydrous rhyolitic glasses. A series of alumino‐silicate glasses with water contents from 0.33 to 9.05% m/m were synthesised in a piston cylinder apparatus. Synchrotron‐FTIR mapping shows that these glasses have relatively homogeneous distributions of dissolved water. Total water contents of the glasses were precisely measured by TC/EA‐MS and FTIR. Both external and internal calibration were established for the quantitative analysis of water content and water speciation in the silicate glasses based on excellent linear correlation between total dissolved water content and integrated area of the water Raman band. Furthermore, by decomposing the total water Raman bands into four Gaussians components, the relative concentration of water speciation (OH groups and molecules H2Om) dissolved in the glasses was determined with a similar trend to water speciation data derived from FTIR. We suggest that the relative concentration of water speciation can be estimated in rhyolitic glasses with 4–8% m/m H2O. Our work provides an accurate method to determine total water content and a potential tool to limit the relative concentration of water speciation dissolved in silicic glasses.

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