This study presents an extension of Cox model to frailty model in which the Cox-proportional of baseline hazard and the gamma distribution is used as frailty distribution. The gamma distribution is

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Introduction The survival of HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is determined by a number of factors, including economic, demographic, behavioral, and institutional factors. Understanding the survival time and its trend is crucial to developing policies that will result in changes. The aim of this study was to compare the survival estimates of different subgroups and look into the predictors of HIV/AIDS patient survival. Methods A retrospective cohort study of HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART at the University of Gondar teaching hospital was carried out. To compare the survival of various groups, a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify factors influencing HIV/AIDS patient survival rates. Results In the current study, 5.91% of the 354 HIV/AIDS patients under ART follow-up were uncensored or died. Age (HR = 1.051) and lack of formal education (HR = 5.032) were associated with lower survival rate, whereas family size of one to two (HR = 0.167), three to four (HR = 0.120), no alcoholic consumption (HR = 0.294), no smoking and chat use (HR = 0.101), baseline weight (HR = 0.920), current weight (HR = 0.928), baseline CD4 cell count (HR = 0.990), baseline hemoglobin (HR = 0.800), and no TB diseases were associated with longer survival rate. Conclusions Fewer deaths were reported in a study area due to high patient adherence, compared to previous similar studies. Age, educational status, family size, alcohol consumption, tobacco and chat usage, baseline and current weight, baseline CD4 cell count, baseline hemoglobin, and tuberculosis (TB) diseases were all significant predictors of survival of HIV/AIDS patients.

A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : Studying the dynamics of spacing of births is important for several reasons including an understanding of completed family size. In this paper the length of birth interval between successive children that is called inter-birth interval in four disadvantaged regions of Ethiopia was considered. To identify and analyze socioeconomic and demographic factors that may have a significant influence on birth interval length in four disadvantaged regions of Ethiopia. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : The data for the study was obtained from Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey data conducted in 2011. The data contains 3340 women aged from 15-49 years. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox's proportional hazards model were employed for the analysis of birth interval data using SPSS 16 and STATA 11 software. The Kaplan Meier median length was used to examine birth interval differentials by socio economic and demographic characteristics of women. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : The results indicated that almost in all birth intervals, educated women, rich women, orthodox, urban women, women belonging to Benishangul-gumuz region and women whose index child has survived have longer birth interval lengths. The Cox regression analyses revealed that region, place of residence and survival status of the index child were consistently significant while women educational level and wealth index were significant in some birth intervals. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Almost in all birth intervals, educated women, rich women, orthodox, urban women, women belonging to Benishangul-gumuz region and women whose index child has survived have longer birth interval lengths. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Birth intervals; disadvantaged regions; survival analysis; proportional hazards model Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Doğum aralığı dinamiklerinin çalışılması, tamamlanmış aile büyüklüğünü de içeren birçok neden için önemlidir. Bu makalede birbirini izleyen çocuklar arasındaki doğum aralığının uzunluğu Etiyopya'da ki dört dezavantajlı bölgede dikkate alınan doğum aralığı olarak adlandırılmıştır. Sosyoekonomik ve demografik faktörleri belirlemede ve analiz etmede Etiyopya'daki dört dezavantajlı bölgede doğum aralığının anlamlı bir etkisi olabilir. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çal-ışmadaki veri seti, 2011'de yapılan Etiyopya Demografi ve Sağlık Çalışması'ndan elde edilmiştir. Veri, 15-49 yaş aralığında 3340 kadını içermektedir. Doğum aralığı verisinin analizi için SPSS 16 ve STATA 11 programları kullanılarak Kaplan-Meier ve Cox oransal hazard modeli kullanılmıştır. Kaplan-Meier medyan süresi, kadınların sosyoekonomik ve demografik karakterlerine göre doğum aralığındaki farklılıkları incelemek için kullanılmıştır. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Sonuçlar, yaklaşık olarak tüm doğum aralıklarında eğitimli kadınlar, zengin kadınlar, ortodoks, şehirde yaşayan kadınlar, Benishangul-gumuz bölgesine mensup kadınlar ve çocukları sağ kalan kadınların doğum aralıklarından d...

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the indoor concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and associated factors in residential buildings of Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia. Data were collected from 384 occupied buildings and occupants using CO meter, interviewers administered questionnaire, and observation checklists. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used for controlling the possible effect of confounders and to identify factors associated with indoor concentration of CO on the basis of adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and P < .05. The current study revealed that 224(58.3%) occupied buildings had the concentration of CO above the permissible value for 15 minute exposure for living rooms (100 mg/m3). Indoor concentration of CO was significantly associated with access to health information [AOR = 0.081, 95%CI = (0.008, 0.803)], number of rooms [AOR = 0.016, 95% CI = (0.001, 0.279)], area of occupied room [AOR = 0.019, 95% CI = (0.001, 0.237)], buildings located away from main roads/garages [AOR = 0.045, 95% CI = (0.005, 0.415)], clean energy sources [AOR = 0.010, 95% CI = (0.001, 0.123)], presence of separate kitchen [AOR = 0.030, 95% CI = (0.004, 0.221)], no incensing in the room [AOR = 0.055, 95% CI = (0.006,0.499)] and measurements in the afternoon [AOR = 0.114, 95% CI = (0.013, 0.965)]. Residents, therefore, need to use clean energy sources, construct a kitchen with a properly constructed chimneys away from the main building, and avoid incensing inside the indoor environment.