Background. Impulse buying is a complicated human buying behavior. It is influenced by factors such as income level, consumption pattern, lifestyle changes, sociocultural variables, and increased buying power. Under its influence, consumers buy unreasonably and in an unplanned fashion. Objectives. The objective of this study is to develop and validate the impulse buying evaluation scale proposed by Nazari & Ghaderi (2011). Methods. The statistical population consisted of 598 customers of sports stores who were selected by convenience sampling. In this study, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to verify the natural distribution of data, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine internal consistency, KMO test was used to determine sampling adequacy, exploratory factor analysis was used to initially identify items, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct's validity and to confirm the factor structure of the scale. Results. The findings show that all the subscales examined-including factors related to product, situational, psychological-behavioral, and impulse buying-have good reliability and validity. Conclusion. Therefore, this scale could be used to measure impulse buying behavior of customers of sports stores, based on which more efficient sports marketing plans can be developed.

One of the modern ways of investing in sports and advertising is through sports. Along with financial backers, the ambush marketing phenomenon has been around for three decades. In Iran, one of the weaknesses is the lack of rules and weakness in the implementation of marketing laws. Football and wrestling are popular sports in Iran and have significant sponsors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of ambush marketing in football and wrestling. The present study is of qualitative type. The statistical population includes 12 professionals: professors of sports marketing, media officials, the Football Federation, and football wrestling and financial support. Research tools are semi-structured interviews and research methods, content analysis and thematic analysis using Nvivo8 software. The research results showed that the term hidden marketing should be used instead of ambush marketing, and strict legislation and heavy financial penalties are required by lawmakers. Although major sporting events such as the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup are more common in Western countries, we can also use their methods and rules to protect the rights of sponsors and prevent ambush marketing. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0771/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

This study examined the relationship between leisure time and self-regulation and goal orientation among professional athletes. This study was an applied research using survey to collect data. Standard questionnaires were used to measure leisure time, self-regulation and goal orientation. The studied samples included 100 Iranian professional athletes in individual sports (judo and jujutsu) and team sports (handball and basketball) who were selected by selective sampling method. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression. Results showed a significant relationship between leisure time and self-regulation and goal orientation of professional athletes. The coefficient of correlation showed a very high and positive relationship between leisure time and self-regulation (α=0.915), between leisure time and goal orientation (α=0.884), and between self-regulation and goal orientation (α=0.921). Considering the significant relationship between these three parameters, it can be concluded that management of leisure time is an important factor in the career of professional athletes. For this purpose, opportunities can be provided for professional athletes to recognize different aspects of leisure time and use them in order to achieve better outcomes.