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Sport consumers are the most important component that ensure the continuum of the sport industry. So, it is crucial to understand the factors affecting the Sport Consumer Behaviour (SCB). In this research, we tried to examine the factors that influence the attendance of sport spectators in the national league of basketball and volleyball in Iran. The results showed that internal motivators included success and wining, team support, player support, coach support, sport level support, sports support, and community support; while external motivators were comprised of promotion, media advertisement, player behaviour, excitement, aesthetic, athlete physical skills, role model. Internal constraints were lack of knowledge, lack of success, lack of interest from others, and lack of companionship. The motivators were assigned to those factors that encouraged the attendees and the constraints were considered those that prevented the attendance of fans and consumers. The external constraints and other variables were shown to have insignificant and significant effects, respectively, on sport consumer behaviour. Constrains and motivators of sport consumer behaviour can help the sport marketers for better planning and achieving greater benefits and consumer satisfaction.

Background. Impulse buying is a complicated human buying behavior. It is influenced by factors such as income level, consumption pattern, lifestyle changes, sociocultural variables, and increased buying power. Under its influence, consumers buy unreasonably and in an unplanned fashion. Objectives. The objective of this study is to develop and validate the impulse buying evaluation scale proposed by Nazari & Ghaderi (2011). Methods. The statistical population consisted of 598 customers of sports stores who were selected by convenience sampling. In this study, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was used to verify the natural distribution of data, Cronbach's alpha was used to determine internal consistency, KMO test was used to determine sampling adequacy, exploratory factor analysis was used to initially identify items, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct's validity and to confirm the factor structure of the scale. Results. The findings show that all the subscales examined-including factors related to product, situational, psychological-behavioral, and impulse buying-have good reliability and validity. Conclusion. Therefore, this scale could be used to measure impulse buying behavior of customers of sports stores, based on which more efficient sports marketing plans can be developed.

This study examines the effects of leadership styles and organizational culture on organizational effectiveness in Iranian sport organizations. 341 sport experts in the Physical Education Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran and various sport Federations voluntarily filled out the Denison organizational culture survey (DOCS), multifactor leadership and organizational effectiveness questionnaires. Results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that transformational leadership has a significant positive influence on the effectiveness and organizational culture. Transactional leadership had a direct significant negative influence on organizational effectiveness and indirectly had a significant positive influence through organizational culture. In conclusion, the results showed that the proposed model has a good fit with this research data.

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