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Bile acid is a derivative of cholinergic acid (steroidal parent nucleus) that plays an important role in digestion, absorption, and metabolism. In recent years, bile acids have been identified as signaling molecules that regulate self-metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy balance, and glucose metabolism. The detection of fine changes in bile acids caused by metabolism, disease, or individual differences has become a research hotspot. At present, there are many related techniques, such as enzyme analysis, immunoassays, and chromatography, that are used for bile acid detection. These methods have been applied in clinical practice and laboratory research to varying degrees. However, mainstream detection technology is constantly updated and replaced with the passage of time, proffering new detection technologies. Previously, gas chromatography (GS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were the most commonly used for bile acid detection. In recent years, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has developed rapidly and has gradually become the mainstream bile acid sample separation and detection technology. In this review, the basic principles, development and progress of technology, applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of various detection techniques are discussed and the changes in bile acids caused by related diseases are summarized.

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Background Preventive colostomy is required for colorectal surgery, and the incidence of complications associated with ileostomy and colostomy remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative complications between ileostomy and colostomy procedures. Methods Data analysis was conducted on 30 studies, and meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed on five studies. The basic indicators, such as stoma prolapse, leak, wound infection, ileus, and a series of other indicators, were compared. Results No statistically significant differences were observed with complications other than stoma prolapse. Meta-analysis and TSA showed that the incidence of ileostomy prolapse was lower than that of colostomy prolapse, and the difference was statistically significant. Apart from the four complications listed above, the general data analysis showed differences in incidence between the two groups. The incidence of skin irritation, parastomal hernia, dehydration, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections was higher with ileostomy than with colostomy. In contrast, the incidence of parastomal fistula, stenosis, hemorrhage, and enterocutaneous fistula was higher with colostomy than with ileostomy. Conclusions There were differences in the incidence of ileostomy and colostomy complications in the selected studies, with a low incidence of ileostomy prolapse. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022303133

Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of Obesity with type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery can effectively improve DCM; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our objective was to investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of duode-nal-jejunal bypass (DJB) on oxidative stress in the heart. Methods: DJB was performed on DCM rats, and high glucose (HG) and palmitate (PA) were used to simulate DCM in H9C2 cells in vitro. AMPK agonists and inhibitors were used to verify the role of the AMPK pathway. Serum from different groups of rats was used to verify that the im-provement in DCM after DJB surgery was not strictly owing to improvement in blood glucose levels and connect the experiments in vivo and in vitro. Results: DJB surgery effectively improved oxidative stress and increased expression of the AMPK pathway, p-eNOS/eNOS, NRF2, HO-1, and SOD2 in terms of protein and mRNA in the heart of DCM rats. Compared to H9C2 cells in the HG+PA environment alone, the addition of either AMPK agonists or serum from DJB rats increased the expression of the AMPK pathway, p-eNOS/eNOS, NRF2, HO-1, and SOD2 in terms of protein and mRNA and decreased the content of ROS, but this improvement was almost eliminated by the addition of AMPK inhibitors. Conclusions: Therefore, DJB surgery can improve oxidative stress in the heart of DCM rats, which may be achieved by activating the AMPK pathway, thereby increasing the phosphorylation level of eNOS, increasing NO and reducing ROS production, and improving the antioxidant system and not solely the improvement of blood glucose.