Background: Micro (mi)RNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. This study investigated host miRNA activity in the innate immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Methods: In vitro infection model adopts HCT-8 human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cells infected with C. parvum. The expression of miR-942-5p was estimated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The TLRs-NF-κB signaling was confirmed by qPCR, western blotting, TLR4-and TLR2-specific short-interfering (si)RNA, and NF-κB inhibition. Results: HCT-8 cells express all known toll-like receptors (TLRs). Cryptosporidium parvum infection of cultured HCT-8 cells upregulated TLR2 and TLR4, and downstream TLR effectors, including NF-κB and suppressed IκBα (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha). The expression of miR-942-5p was significantly upregulated at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h post-infection, and especially at 8 hpi. The results of TLR4-and TLR2-specific siRNA and NF-κB inhibition showed that upregulation of miR-942-5p was promoted by p65 subunit-dependent TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB pathway signaling. Conclusions: miR-942-5p of HCT-8 cells was significantly upregulated after C. parvum infection, especially at 8 hpi, in response to a p65-dependent TLR2/TLR4-NF-κB signaling. TLR4 appeared to play a dominant role.
Stable aluminosilicate zeolites with extra-large pores open through rings of more than 12 tetrahedra are in demand to process molecules larger than those currently manageable. However, until very recently, they proved elusive. Here we report a new strategy based on an interchain expansion design concept that yields thermally and hydrothermally stable silicates by expansion of a one dimensional (1D) silicate chain with an intercalated silylating agent that separates and connects the chains. As a result, new types of zeolites zeolites with extra-large pores delimited by 20, 16, and 16 Si tetrahedra along the three crystallographic directions, respectively, are obtained. The as-made inter-chain expanded zeolite contains dangling Si-CH3 groups that by calcination connect to each other resulting in a true, fully connected 3D zeolite framework with a very low density, just slightly above that of water. Additionally, it features triple four ring units never seen before in any type of zeolite. Ti can be introduced in this zeolite to obtain a catalyst active in the liquid-phase oxidation of bulky alkenes that shows promise in the industrially relevant clean production of propylene oxide using cumene hydroperoxide as an oxidant.
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