Multiplex PCR method with shortened operation time was used for the simultaneous detection of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in distribution system of Arak city. It's recommended to be used at least as an initial screening test, and then the positive samples could be randomly tested by MPN.

In this study, root, leaf and fruit flavonoids of Tribulus terrestris L. are co mpared. Aqueous-ethanolic extracts of collected plant material were examined to practice flavonoid detection, isolation and identificat ion by 2-dimensional paper chromatography, thin layer ch ro matography and available references. Voucher specimen was prepared for reference as herbariu m voucher. Results showed chrysin was just identified in fruit while root and leaf had not any chrysin. Also flavone C and C-/O-glycosides were not found in leaf and fruit whereas root of the species had flavonoid sulphates and aglycones in addition to flavone C and C-/O-glycosides.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of γ-irradiation at two irradiation doses of 10 and 25 kGy, on the antibacterial activities of cumin essential oils (E.Os) in vitro and in vivo systems. For this purpose, the cumin seeds were irradiated with Co 60 source (0, 10 and 25 kGy) and subjected to Clevenger extraction to obtain E.Os. In vitro antibacterial activities of cumin E.Os was determined on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains including E. coli, P. aeroginosa, B. cereus and S. aureus using agar well diffusion method, disk diffusion method and, MIC and MBC determinations. In vivo antibacterial activity was performed on polymicrobial infection induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rat through blood colony forming units (CFUs) determination. The results showed that CLP operation caused a marked increase in bacterial load of blood which was reduced in rats treated with fresh and irradiated cumin oils. In vitro results also showed the sensitivity of all tested bacterial strains against the fresh and irradiated cumin E.Os. These data may suggest that cumin E.O has potential antibacterial activity both in vivo and in vitro systems. Also, γ-irradiation to cumin seeds at 10 and 25 kGy has no significant effects on the antibacterial properties of cumin E.Os.

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