Primates form strong social bonds and depend on social relationships and networks that provide shared resources and protection critical for survival. Social deficits such as those present in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other psychiatric disorders hinder the individual’s functioning in communities. Given that early diagnosis and intervention can improve outcomes and trajectories of ASD, there is a great need for tools to identify early markers for screening/diagnosis, and for translational animal models to uncover biological mechanisms and develop treatments. One of the most widely used screening tools for ASD in children is the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a quantitative measure used to identify individuals with atypical social behaviors. The SRS has been adapted for use in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)–a species very close to humans in terms of social behavior, brain anatomy/connectivity and development–but has not yet been validated or adapted for a necessary downward extension to younger ages matching those for ASD diagnosis in children. The goal of the present study was to adapt and validate the adult macaque SRS (mSRS) in juvenile macaques with age equivalent to mid-childhood in humans. Expert primate coders modified the mSRS to adapt it to rate atypical social behaviors in juvenile macaques living in complex social groups at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. Construct and face validity of this juvenile mSRS (jmSRS) was determined based on well-established and operationalized measures of social and non-social behaviors in this species using traditional behavioral observations. We found that the jmSRS identifies variability in social responsiveness of juvenile rhesus monkeys and shows strong construct/predictive validity, as well as sensitivity to detect atypical social behaviors in young male and female macaques across social status. Thus, the jmSRS provides a promising tool for translational research on macaque models of children social disorders.
Extended Abstract S118Ziel des Forschungsprojekts ! Die glatten Muskelzellen der Pulmonalarterien sind die Effektoren der akuten Vasomotorik und der chronischen Vasokonstriktion. Der Tonus wird von der intrazellulären Kalziumkonzentration bzw. vom Kalziumeinstrom bestimmt. Letzterer hängt wesentlich vom Membranpotenzial ab, welches unmittelbar von der Kaliumleitfähig-keit kontrolliert wird. Die glatten Muskelzellen der Pulmonalarterien besitzen verschiedene Kaliumkanäle, deren Aktivität das Ruhemembranpotenzial der Zellen erhöht und so die Gefäße relaxiert. Eine Blockade dieser Kanäle führt zur Membrandepolarisation und zur Vasokonstriktion (• " Abb. 1). Die zugrunde liegenden Signaltransduktionsprozesse sind allerdings nur unvollständig bekannt. Die nicht membrangebundenen Tyrosinkinasen scheinen eine wichtige Kontrollfunktion auszuüben.Methoden ! Die Expression von nicht membrangebundenen Tyrosinkinasen (TK) wurde an primären humanen pulmonal-arteriellen glatten Muskelzellen (hPASMCs) eruiert und mit der Konfokale-LaserScanning-Mikroskopie visualisiert. Die physiologische Bedeutung der molekularbiologischen Ergebnisse wurde im Weiteren mit der PatchClamp-und Calcium-Imaging-Methode unter Anwendung von spezifischen Inhibitoren und siRNA an TASK-1-, Kv-und KCa-Kaliumkanälen und am Membranpotenzial untersucht.
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