This paper presents one of the typical features of conspiracy theoriesthe dualistic worldview, which explains important events as a consequence of hidden struggle between 'Us' and the dark forces. An example of this characteristic also presents the dichotomous terms 'West' and 'East', which have their set of geopolitical and cultural (as well as axiological) connotations. As a political and moral concept, 'West' is particularly highly utilised in the conspiratorial discourse in Slovakia. The paper attempts to discuss the functions of this concept in rumours and conspiracy theories with regard to the local historical context, and to reveal its ties to other images of the 'enemy', frequently used in rumours circulating on popular Slovak websites. Besides conspiracy theories as such, the focus of the analysis is set also on the narratives (among others also urban legends) supporting conspiratorial suspicions, as well as on various kinds of argumentation strategies leading to cooperation (or even fusion) of seemingly contradictory ideological worldviews (left-and right-wing supporters, Christians and white supremacists, etc.).
Konšpiračné teórie sa týkajú dôležitých a citlivých sfér spoločenského života, ktoré zároveň predstavujú zdroj skupinového napätia (otázky morálky, náboženstva, politiky, životného prostredia, prírodných katastrof, vojen a pod.). Do tohto napätia a neistoty prinášajú jedno značné odhalenia ich príčiny (vinníkov) a budúcich následkov, pôsobia fundovane, a v neposlednej miere väčšinou vytvárajú z reality, na prvý pohľad fádnej a chaotickej, vzrušujúce príbehy.Sú prostriedkom šírenia a obhajovania konkrétnych ideológií. Ako stabilná súčasť ideologických diskurzov sa ich zdieľanie či odmietanie v danej komunite môže stať významným kritériom členstva. Podobne ako mnohé zo súčasných povestí i konšpiračné teórie môžu byť významným indikátorom množstva úzkostí a konfliktov zdieľaných v širších či užších sociálnych skupinách, dajú sa z nich pomerne plasticky extrahovať konkrétne auto-a heterostereotypy, predstavy o skupinových cieľoch a hodnotových orientáciách. Ich výskum je teda zdrojom interdisciplinárne využiteľných informácií o súčasnej spoločnosti.
In this special issue, we examine gossip, rumours and conspiracy theories in times of crisis. Most recently, interest in this topic has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic (Sobo, Drążkiewicz, 2021). But this is not the first socio-medical crisis that has prompted alternative explanations. Rumours and conspiracy theories surrounded the HIV epidemic (
L’étude présente les théories du complot circulant dans les aires linguistiques tchèque et slovaque. Accompagnant la croissance des portails Internet diffusant ce type de textes, leur influence sur l’opinion publique est également visible dans la façon dont les problèmes de politique étrangère et locale sont commentés sur les forums Internet ouverts. Les auteurs s’attachent à identifier les sources narratives et rhétoriques du conspirationnisme dans ces pays depuis la montée du nationalisme moderne au XIXe siècle, se centrant sur les événements ayant accompagné la création d’un État commun aux Slovaques et aux Tchèques, l’époque de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le régime communiste, la chute du rideau de fer et la « Révolution de velours » de 1989 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. L’article se centre sur les images collectives des ennemis et sur les interactions réciproques entre les interprétations d’évènements locaux et les théories du complot globales, tout comme sur la reprise ou les réinterprétations postérieures de motifs conspirationnistes anciens.
The study presents popular conspiracy theories spread within the Czech and Slovak language milieu. Along with the growth in the number of internet portals disseminating this type of texts, their reflection in public opinion is also visible in the way almost every major foreign policy issue or domestic case is commented upon in public internet discussions. The authors seek to identify the narrative and rhetorical sources of conspiracism in these countries since the rise of modern nationalism in the 19th century, focusing on the events accompanying the creation of the common state of the Slovaks and Czechs, the period of the Second World War, the rule of the Communist regime, the events related to the fall of the Iron Curtain and the “Velvet Revolution” in 1989 up to the present. The paper focuses attention on group-shared images of the enemies and on mutual interactions between the interpretations of local events and global conspiracy theories, as well as updates or later reinterpretations of older conspiracy motifs.
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