Parameters of ploidity and kinetics of cell cycle in bone marrow samples of lymphoma patients were studied by flow cytometry. These parameters were compared to the lymphoma prognostic criteria: disease stage, levels of lactate dehydrogenase, sed rate test, B-symptoms, Bcl-2, Ki-67 etc. Analysis of the results shows, that bone marrow lesions in primary tumors are characterized by a statistically significant increase in Bcl2-expressing cells and percentage of cells in G0-1 stage of the cell cycle, as well as decrease in percentage of cells in G2М and S stages and percentage of cells of the proliferative pool S+G2M, (G2M+S) / G0-1 compared to non-affected hematopoietic cells. Primary and recurrent lymphomas with bone marrow lesions are characterized by significant variability in cell cycle parameters describing proliferative activity of mononuclear cells combined with inefficiency of hematopoiesis. Marker cytokinetic parameters can be used as prognostic criteria for overall and relapse-free survival of patients with lymphomas.

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The development of a new direction in anticancer medical therapy – the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/ PD-L1 and CTLA-4 – has significantly changed the approach to tumor treatment in the last few years. The PD1 blocker nivolumab in major registered clinical trials improved overall survival, including in metastatic melanoma, with a favorable toxicity profile. However, its efficacy in patients with brain metastases from melanoma was poorly studied, since the inclusion criteria  for  most clinical trials do not envisage recruiting such patients. The  immune-mediated toxicity of  immune checkpoint inhibitors is currently well enough studied. However, cases of cutaneous toxicity are quite rare and present certain difficulties for differential diagnosis and treatment. This article presents two cases of effective nivolumab treatment in patients with generalized BRAFwt and BRAFmut cutaneous melanoma. The  first case is of  interest due to the  presence of  brain  metastases in the patient. Nivolumab therapy helped achieving complete regression of intracranial metastases with the long-term effect. The second case, in addition to effective treatment, demonstrates a rare manifestation of skin toxicity – vitiligo on the face and upper extremities.

The purpose of the study was to assess the infection of tumor tissues with herpesviruses and human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (SCCL) and to reveal the impact of viral infections of tumor tissues on the effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy. DNAs of HSV1,2, CMV, EBV and HPV were studied by PCR in 26 samples of tumor tissues. We revealed a high level of herpesvirus infection in SCCL tumor tissues (up to 92.3 %), while HPV infection was less frequent – 19.2 %, including low-risk HPV (LR HPV, 11.5 %) and high-risk HPV (HR HPV, 7.7 %). Significant differences in the detection rates of the studied pathogens were found (p<0.05). EBV was more frequent (73.1 %), and HSV1,2 detection rate was the lowest (7.7 %). The prevalence of herpesvirus presence in tumor tissue in the absence of HPV was detected (p<0.05). The effectiveness of therapy was higher in patients without viral infections, compared to infected patients (100.0 vs. 80.0 %), but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). There was no significant dependence of the chemotherapy effectiveness on the type of infection (p>0.05). However, the presence of LR HPV, HSV1,2 and especially combinations of herpesviruses with HPV in tumor tissues reduced the number of cases of tumor stabilization and regression which is notewor thy and requires fur ther research.

The review analyzes current data on the molecular mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibodies in patients withsquamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and mucosa of the oral cavity. The mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal anti-ERBBand anti-PD1 antibodies and ways to overcome it are described in detail. The analysis made it possible to identify a number of factorsthat should be taken into account when assigning therapy with monoclonal antibodies: activation of alternative receptor tyrosinekinases, increased expression of receptor ligand genes, mutations in effectors and the receptor tyrosine kinases themselves, disruptionof the formation of functional receptor dimers, changes in proteins and coding for them genes responsible for the regulation ofcascades of apoptosis, mitosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunosuppressivemetabolites.