Celery is one of the major nutraceutical vegetable species due to the high dietary and medicinal properties of all of its plant parts. Yield, growth and produce quality of six celery genotypes belonging to leafy (Elixir and Samurai), stalk (Atlant and Primus) or root (Egor and Dobrynya) types, as well as the distribution of biomass, sugars, mineral elements and antioxidants among the different plant parts, were assessed. Within the celery root type, cultivar Dobrynya resulted in higher yield than Egor, whereas the genotype did not significantly affect the marketable plant part production of leafy and stalk types. Leaf/petiole ratios relevant to biomass, total dissolved solids, sugars, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and ash, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and Se content were significantly affected by the celery type examined. Ash content was highest in the leaves and lowest in the roots. Celery antioxidant system was characterized by highly significant relationships between ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and Zn. Among the celery types analyzed, the highest values of chlorophyll, Fe and Mn content as well as antioxidant activity were recorded in leaves from root genotypes, which suggests interesting nutraceutical prospects of the aforementioned plant parts for human utilization. Plants 2020, 9, 484 2 of 13 of celery gives the opportunity to prevent and treat several diseases, such as cardiovascular [6], liver and spleen diseases [7], rheumatism [8], inflammation [9], cancer [10] and gastrointestinal disorders [11]. Studies carried out on laboratory animals showed that the ethanolic extract of celery leaves increased spermatogenesis [12] and improved fertility [13,14]. In addition, celery was found to decrease glucose level and improve lipid profile in blood [15], and stabilize blood pressure [16].All parts of celery plants are edible: leaves, petioles, roots and seeds, either fresh or canned, or dry as spices [17]. In this respect, despite the wide utilization of Apium graveolens L., up-to-date research has not paid much attention to the comparative assessment of biochemical characteristics of different celery types, namely, leafy, stalk and root genotypes [2]. The investigation of Sellami et al. [3] demonstrated the peculiarities of essential oil composition of celery leaves, stalks and roots, but did not compare different celery types.Gaining a more in-depth knowledge regarding the aforementioned topics may lead to unveiling the nutrient and antioxidant accumulation potential in celery plants, which is of great importance for targeting functional food production.The present investigation was aimed to assess yield, growth and produce quality of leafy, stalk and root celery types, as well as the distribution of biomass, organic and mineral compounds, and antioxidants among the different plant parts, grown in the Northern Hemisphere. The results were frequently expressed as ratios between the variables assessed, which showed lower variability than the absolute values.as an average o...

Turnip is a biennial crop and, consequently, the creation of pure lines for breeding is a time-consuming process. The production of pure turnip lines using doubled haploids produced in isolated microspore culture has not been sufficiently developed. The aim of the present work was to determine some key factors inducing embryogenesis in the isolated microspore culture of turnip, as well as investigating the manners of embryo development. It was shown that the acidity of the medium is an important factor in embryo production; different optimal pH levels ranging from 6.2 to 6.6 corresponded to individual genotypes. Such factors as the cold treatment of buds and the addition of activated charcoal to the nutrient medium increased the responsiveness of all genotypes studied. The turnip variety ‘Ronde witte roodkop herfst’ demonstrated a genetic disorder in the development of microspores; namely, non-separation of some microspores from tetrads. In the in vitro culture, each of the daughter microspores developed on its own. This indicates the dependence of the possibility of embryogenesis in the turnip microspore culture on the genotype. Results suggest that the initiation of secondary embryogenesis in primary embryos leads to an increase in the proportion of doubled haploid plants.

Over the recent years the market demand for scaling up the production of European radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties and hybrids for open and protected production, varying in ripeness group, root shape and color, has drastically increased. Therefore, the expansion of genetic diversity and acceleration of the selection process are important. Doubled haploid technology considerably curtails the time required for creation of homozygous constant parental cell lines when in vitro microspore culture is used as the most promising method. For the first time, we were able to realize the full production cycle of DH plants of European radish by in vitro microspore culture up to inclusion of the produced material into the selection process. We have selected: preferable flower bud size, heat shock parameters, induction and regeneration media. It was revealed that linear length on the flower buds with the best possible stage of microspore development is genotype-specific: the flower bud length 2.8–3.3 mm is optimal for accessions of Rhodes and 3.7–4.2 mm is optimal for accessions of Teplichny Gribovsky. Heat shock at 32 °C for 48 hours is the most suitable for most genotypes. For the first time Murashige and Skoog based culture medium has been used for embryogenesis induction, and a major dependence of embryogenesis induction on the genotype × medium interaction was found. At regeneration and tiller stage it is advisable to add 1 mg/mL of benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg/L of gibberellic acid to the medium, and rotting of micro-sprouts is performed with the use of hormone-free medium. Analysis of the produced regenerant plants by chromosome count and cell nucleus flow cytometry showed that 69 % of plants have a diploid chromosome set, 9 % have a haploid chromosome set, and 22 % have mixoploids and aneuploids chromosome sets. The seed progeny from doubled haploids and mixoploids were obtained by self-pollination, where all R1 plants had a doubled set of chromosomes. This study launches the development of an efficient method of radish doubled haploid production to be used in the selection process.

Изучен процесс эмбриогенеза и отработаны элементы технологии получения удвоенных гаплоидов брокколи B. oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. italica Plenck в культуре микроспор in vitro. Было выявлено, что успешное развитие эмбриоидов происходит из микроспор, изолированных из бутонов длиной 4 и 5 мм, где преимущественно содержатся микроспоры-на поздней вакуолизированной, пыльца-на ранней двухклеточной стадии развития. Оптимальным режимом температурной обработки является обработка 32°С в течение первых 2-х суток после введения в культуру. Эмбриоиды были получены из пяти образцов брокколи: Arcadia F 1 , Everest, Green Valiant, Marathon F 1 , Furio. Наибольший выход эмбриоидов был получен у образца Green Valiant, где он составил до 140 эмбриоидов на чашку Петри, а наименьший-у Furio (до 3 эмбриоидов/чашку Петри). Первые деления в культуре микроспор у всех образцов наблюдали уже на 2-3 сутки культивирования. Дальнейшее развитие эмбриоидов шло по двум направлениямпутем прямого развития или с образованием суспензороподобных структур. Эмбриоиды, содержащие суспензор, развивались медленнее, чем бессуспензорные. Мы наблюдали образование эмбриоида не только на дистальном (по отношению к микроспоре) конце суспензороподобной структуры, но и образование цепочки из эмбриоидов, а также все возможные близнецовые комбинации эмбриоидов. Было показано, что метод получения эмбриоидов в культуре микроспор in vitro может быть использован не только для получения удвоенных гаплоидных растений, но и служить моделью для фундаментальных исследований по изучению этапов развития зиготических эмбриоидов и суспензоров.

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