This article is devoted to the assessment of the influence of high-frequency tympanogram parameters on otoacoustic emission at the frequency of distortion product in children of the first year of life. Materials and methods: 625 children of different gestation ages participated in the study. All children were divided into 4 groups depending on the gestation age. The first group included children born before 28 weeks, the second at 29–32 weeks, the third at 33–36 weeks, and the fourth full-term babies (37–40 weeks). At the beginning of the study high frequency tympanometry at 1000 Hz was performed to all the children, after which these children’s condition of the inner ear was evaluated using otoacoustic emission at the frequency of the distortion product. The hearing function of all the children was examined in 3, 6 and 12 months. Tympanogram analysis included tympanogram width, the static compliance, the intratympanic pressure, the index of acoustic compliance, the power of the snail response and the amplitude of the snail response at frequencies of 1, 2, 4 and 6 kHz. After determination of the indices, multivariate analysis was carried out using methods of main components with varimax normalized rotation of axes in factor space. Results: The carried out multivariate analysis showed that the condition and development of the peripheral section of the auditory analyzer is determined by the child’s age at the time of the examination. Such parameters of tympanometry as the static composition and the index of acoustic compliance had an effect on the values of otoacoustic emission in a group aged up to 28 weeks, 33–36 weeks and 37–40 weeks at 12 months, and in the group 29–32 in 6 months of life.

The objective of the present work was to study the tympanograms of the premature infants during the first year of their life and to determine the optimal time for performing high-frequency and low-frequency tympanometry in the babies of different gestational age. It was shown that the middle ear as an apparatus of the sound-transmitting system becomes to function stably by the 6th month of life although the mechanisms for regulation of stabilization develop only in the end of the first year. For this reason, tympanometry in the children of the gestational age 29 - 32 , 33 - 37 и 38 - 40 weeks should be performed using two frequencies of the probing tone (226 Hz and 1 kHz) up to the 6 months of life inclusive and from 28 weeks to 1 year.Key words: premature baby, tympanometry, acoustic function.

The objective of the present study was the determination of the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and the evaluation of its possible influence on the development and duration of chronic exudative otitis media in the children during the first year of life. A total of 141 infants at the age of 3 months presenting with exudative otitis media refractory to the conservative treatment throughout the first 1-1.5 months of life were available for the examination. The effectiveness of the anti-reflux therapy was estimated based on the middle ear condition (the presence or absence of exudate) within 3 and 6 months after the initiation of the treatment. The signs of aspiration of gastric chimus and gastroesophageal reflux disease were documented in 92% of the cases. The anti-reflux treatment during 3 months resulted in the disappearance of the manifestations of exudative otitis media in 43% of the patients. The further prolongation of such therapy up to 6 months allowed to normalize the state of the middle ear in 69% of the children although the remaining 40% failed to respond. It is concluded that the treatment of the children presenting with exudative otitis media during first year of life should be performed taking into consideration the possible involvement of gastroesophageal reflux disease in pathogenesis of this pathological condition.

Настоящая статья представляет собой обзор клинических данных зарубежных, отечественных авторов и собственных наблюдений для более четкого понимания особенностей течения COVID-19-инфекции. Затрагиваются такие проблемы, как путь передачи SARS-CoV-2 от матери к ребенку, а также возможность и пути влияния на слуховую функцию у детей при рождении. В статье приведены данные собственных исследований 14 детей, рожденных от матерей, перенесших COVID-19 во время беременности. При исследовании у 10 детей была выявлена нейросенсорная тугоухость различной степени и глухота, а у 4 детей слуховая функция была в пределах нормы. На основании вышеизложенного считаем необходимым и целесообразным дальнейшее изучение пути и возможности передачи вируса SARS-CoV-2 от матери к плоду, а также проведение динамического аудиологического исследования в течение первого года жизни всем детям, рожденным от матерей, перенесших COVID-19. This article is a review of the clinical data of Russian and foreign authors and our own observations for a clearer understanding of the course features of COVID-19 infection on auditory function of newborns. The problems such as the mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the possibility and ways of influence on auditory function in children at birth are described. The article indicates the data of our own studies of 14 children born to mothers who had COVID-19 during pregnancy. During the study, 10 children showed neurosensory hearing loss of various degrees and deafness. Four children had auditory function within the limits of the norm. Based on their own observations, the authors of the article consider it necessary to study further the path and possibility of transmission of the virus SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus, as well as to conduct a dynamic audiological study during the first year of life for all children born to mothers who have suffered COVID-19.