Introduction. Premature infants are at risk of developing central nervous system malformations; therefore, increased survival rates among infants with very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight have contributed to the rise in prevalence of neurologic deficit in extremely premature infants.Purpose. To summarize the literature data and demonstrate rare family clinical observations of preterm infants associated with adverse neurological outcomes as a result of exposure to various perinatal factors.Materials and methods. For the literature review, we used data from full-text scientific research from international scientific databases. The influence of ante-, intra-, and postnatal risk factors on the neurological outcome of the disease was studied in two male sibs born at 27 weeks of gestation with a weight of 980 and 970 grams, a body length of 34 and 33 cm, and an Apgar score of 5/7 and 6/7, respectively. The analysis of anamnestic data and results of clinical and laboratory-instrumental examination was performed; the catamnestic observation was 24 adjusted months of life.Results.The presented observations revealed a combination of various ante-, intra-and postnatal risk factors that lead to CNS damage in preterm infants. The obtained results indicate that prematurity and extremely low birth weight are not the only risk factors for neurological disorders, but the burdened neonatal period (congenital sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, lung atelectasis, neonatal convulsions, and 2-degree intraventricular hemorrhage verified by USC/MRI of the brain on both sides) contributed to the formation of neurogolic pathology in the second examined sibs. The results obtained can be considered preliminary, and a larger study is needed.Conclusion.Thus, the obtained results indicate that prematurity, extremely low birth weight and low Apgar score are not the only risk factors for the formation of neurological disorders. A combination of several significant ante-, intra-, and postnatal risk factors is necessary for the development of severe perinatal CNS damage, the formation of adverse neurological outcomes, and severe delay in motor and psycho - speech development in preterm infants. The prognosis of neurological outcome in a preterm baby requires long-term dynamic monitoring and a comprehensive approach using clinical and instrumental diagnostic methods. The results obtained can be considered preliminary, requiring additional more extensive research.

This article is devoted to the issue of nursing and further monitoring of children born with very low and extremely low body weight. The article presents the data of international statistics and seven-year experience of the Rehabilitation Center for children born with very low and extremely low body weight, based on a large multidisciplinary children’s hospital. The authors pay particular attention to improvement of medical care of children born with very low and extremely low body weight.

The article presents the literature data and the results of the authors’ observations of preterm children in the postnatal period, born with extremely low and very low body weight, with the definition of the leading psycho-neurological disorders, which cause disabling conditions in this group of patients. The authors highlight the difficulties of predicting the neuropsychological development of deeply premature and extremely premature children. The scientists note the importance of a comprehensive assessment of their health status. They justify the necessity of improving the system of medical support for such children at all stages of nursing, rehabilitation and the introduction of a personalized approach to clinical practice with the development of differentiated programs of medical supervision and habilitation.

Annually more than 15 million children are born prematurely in the world. The clinical case illustrates the importance of an integrated approach for follow-up observation of children from 0 to 36 months old, born with very low and extremely low body weight. We studied the effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Center for children born with very low and extremely low body weight on the basis of a large multidisciplinary Bashlyaeva children’s hospital in Moscow 2012–2018. This center is necessary for a comprehensive assessment of the health status of children born with very low and extremely low body weight, as well as for the dynamic and timely diagnostics and the application of optimal treatment of revealed pathological changes. The development of differentiated programs for medical examination and rehabilitation of this group of children should include an optimal protocol of dynamic monitoring. It will reduce both the rate of incidence and disability, and improve the quality of life and social adaptation of children.

Each year in the world about 15 million babies are born preterm. Goal is to explore the role of Rehabilitation centres (RC) children from 0 to 3 years old, born with very low and extremely low birth weight to improve medical care in preterm infants. Materials and methods. Studied the functioning process of RC based on large multidisciplinary Pediatric Hospital in Moscow “Z.A. Bashljaevoj Children city Clinical Hospital” during the period 2012-2018 BC. The results. Since the beginning of operation RC was fastened 12234 preterm infants, among which was dominated by children (72%), having a birth weight of 1000 g to 1500 g. structure of all of Nosological forms prevailed in pathology of central nervous system (31.7%), 2 place-Ophthalmic Pathology (27.4%). the creation of RC is very relevant and effective organizational solution in terms of improving the quality of medical help premature babies.