Аннотация. В статье на основе многолетних исследований (1964-2018 гг.) дана эколого-экономическая оценка севооборотам и пастбищеоборотам под воздействием агротехнических и лесомелиоративных приемов в степном и сухостепном Поволжье. На основе системного подхода к решению проблемы защиты почв от эрозии запроектированы и заложены научно-производственные опыты по осуществлению комплексов противоэрозионных мероприятий (ПЭМ) в степной и сухостепной зонах Поволжья. Эколого-экономическая оценка агротехническим и лесомелиоративным приемам, проводимых в севооборотах и пастбищах, дана исходя из продуктивности сельскохозяйственных культур и естественных трав в т к.е./га. По методикам ВНИАЛМИ и ВНИИЗ и ЗПЭ проводились расчеты рентабельности сельскохозяйственных угодий под влиянием агротехнических и лесомелиоративных противоэрозионных мероприятий. Агротехнический прием-щелевание с мульчированием изменил рентабельность сево-и пастбищеоборотов по сравнению с контролем на 22,2 %. Проведением комплекса противоэрозионных мероприятий восстанавливаются функции почвенного покрова, что отражается на повышении продуктивности сельскохозяйственных культур и трав пастбищ, а следовательно, на увеличении рентабельности применяемых агротехнических и лесомелиоративных приемов. Регрессионо-корреляционный анализ позволил установить, что на 48 %рентабельность связана с продуктивностью сельскохозяйственных угодий и затратами на производство культур севооборота и трав пастбищ.

Приводится анализ воздействия вида обработки почвы на элементы водного баланса (запасы воды в снеге, сток, водопоглощение), эрозию, количество сохранившейся стерни, засоренность однолетними и многолетними сорными растениями, вынос питательных элементов со стоком и урожайность яровой пшеницы в зернопаропропашном севообороте. Показано формирование поверхностного стока и эрозии в зависимости от обработки почвы для условий многоводной весны с вероятностью превышения стока 10 %.

The aim of the study is to increase the yield of spring durum wheat in the Orenburg Urals. Spring hard wheat makes more demands on the temperature region during the formation and filling of grain. Due to the growing aridity conditions of the second half of the growing season, when the grain falls asleep, have become more unfavorable. As you know, the nature of the filling, favorable weather conditions in this period are determined by the yield and quality of grain. The studies were carried out in 2016-2018 in the Central zone of the Orenburg region on chernozems ordinary in two stages of the main tillage. Weather conditions contrasted sharply. The research method is a field experiment. Experience and research were conducted according to conventional methods. Analysis of the grain samples was performed using a laboratory balance Adam NSV 602N and furnace SESH-3M. Mathematical analysis was performed in the program Statistica 6.0. It is established that the duration of grain loading in the study area depends on the weather conditions of the year, ranging from 20-21 days to 31 days. The growth rate of dry matter accumulation in durum wheat grain is observed in the air temperature range 18.7-26.2°C, followed by an increase in temperature reduces the increase. Amid the subsurface processing plowed fields, reducing grain moisture is less intense: 10 grade Orenburg-plowing is of 0.99 – 2.46% on a day, subsurface tillage-0.80 – 2.50% daily; cultivar bezenchukskaya 210 – plowing 1.64-of 2.34%, subsurface tillage-1.03-2.32%.

The article is published on the topic of the state assignment 0761-2019-0004. The purpose of research – increasing the yield of durum spring wheat in the conditions of Orenburg-tion of the Urals. Due to the increase in aridity of the climate, there is a lack of productive moisture in the soil, which creates sharply unfavorable conditions for the formation of the crop against the background of rising air temperature. The research method is a field experiment. Field experiments were carried out in the conditions of the Central zone of the Orenburg region in the zone of southern chernozems. Two methods of the main tillage – plowing, soil loosening to a depth of 25-27 cm and the background without the main soil formation-were studied. The experiments are laid in accordance with the requirements of the field research methodology. The left soil moisture was determined by the weight method, the calculation of correlation relations – with the use of the program Statistica 6.0. It is established that the yield of the studied crop has no reliable connection with the reserves of productive moisture to sowing in the soil horizons of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm and is correlated with their amount in the horizon of 60-100 cm and in the meter (0-100 cm) horizon. In the earing phase, the content of useful moisture in both the sowing (0-30 cm), the main root (30-60 cm) and deeper layers of soil (60-100 cm), as well as its amount in the meter horizon is positively associated with the yield of spring durum wheat. Correlation ratios correspondingly on horizons make 0,743; 0,801; 0,954; 0,828, i.e. after earing the role of the moisture containing below a half-meter layer of the soil increases. The most important for the formation of the harvest of spring durum wheat is the accumulation of productive moisture in the soil horizons 30-60 cm and below. Loose soil loosening contributes to better penetration of moisture into the subsurface layers of the soil and increase its reserves.