The intensification of dairy cattle selection determines the need of the systematic evaluation of animals in herds and populations on the main economically useful traits. They have an integrated origin and are controlled by significant groups of factors (genetic, physiological, technological and environmental). In dairy herds, the influence of such genetic factors as belonging to the breed and intrabreed types, the conditional blood share of improving breeds, the linear belonging, the family belonging, the origin by father is realized in the phenotypic performance of economically useful traits of animals with the simultaneous significant influence of environmental conditions. Among the hereditary factors, that determine the level of intergroup differentiation by the main selected traits, are significant the origin by father and the linear belonging. In addition, the world gene pool of the Holstein breed has an impact on the heredity of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which requires constant monitoring of breeding groups of animals in different herds. Based on this, the aim of our research was to study the genetic conditionality of the economically useful traits of the cows of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, that is, the study of the influence of such genetic factors as the conditional blood share of Holstein breed, the origin by father and the linear belonging on these traits. The research was conducted in the herd of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed of the private agrarian firm «Yerchyky» Popilnia district Zhytomyr oblast during 2015–2019. The study was carried out on the materials of the breeding and productive use of 766 first-calf cows and 497 cows which were disposed from the herd on different reasons. The reasons for their disposal were determined according to veterinary disposal acts. The statistical data processing was done using the method of variational statistics. The power of influence of the conditional blood share of Holstein breed, origin by father and linear belonging on the phenotypic variability of economically useful traits of the cows was determined by One-Way-ANOVA. The results of the study of the influence of genetic factors on the economically useful traits of cows of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed are presented. It was found that the power of the influence of the conditional blood share of Holstein breed, origin by father and linear belonging on the phenotypic variability of live weight, measurements and indices of body constitution was 0.4–17.6%; indicators of milk productivity of cows – 0.3–20.8%; morphologo-functional characteristics of the udder – 0.5–21.9%; parameters of reproductive capacity – 2.3–9.3% and lifetime use – 0.1–12.6% (P < 0.05–0.001). The factors of the origin by father and the conditional blood share of Holstein breed had a more significant effect on mass-and-metric parameters and indices of body constitution, and the influence of the linear belonging on these indicators was the smallest. Among the studied genetic factors the origin by father had significant effect on the milk productivity and morphologo-functional characteristics of the udder, while the smallest influence of the linear belonging was on the indicators of milk productivity, and the conditional blood share of Holstein breed had the smallest effect on the characteristics of the udder. Regarding the indicators of reproduction and lifetime use of cows, the effect of the studied genetic factors on them was distributed without any trends. The prospect of further research is to study the influence of paratypic factors on economically useful traits of cows of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed of the private agrarian firm «Yerchyky».

The aim of the research was to study the ornithine cycle as the process of fixing ammonia and the formation of urea in the body of highly productive animals. In our experiments, we used a protein-deficient diet and urea as a nitrogen substitute for nitrogen-containing materials in the diet to reveal the mechanism of action of urea on animals, in particular on the biochemical processes of the ornithine cycle. There are some differences between Bukovinian sheep of the Askanian meat-wool breed and outbreds in terms of the ability to build muscle tissue. Our study reveals that the slaughter yield and the average daily gain consumption of Bukovinian-type meat of the Askanian meat-wool breed were higher in summer and in autumn, compare with purebred sheep. Sheep of the Bukovynian type of Askanian meat-wool breed have the intensity of enzymatic formation of urea in liver homogenates that is much higher in all experiments than in outbred sheep. A sharp drop in the activity of all stages of urea formation and glutamic acid synthesis in liver homogenates and significantly weakened urea formation was found in all experiments of the fourth series in comparison with the experiments in the third series. Increased muscle growth, high nitrogen deposition, and a much lower percentage of urinary excretion of ammonia and urea nitrogen, as well as higher activity of enzymes of the ornithine cycle and glutamic acid synthesis in the Bukovinian sheep type of Askanian meat-wool breed compared to outbreeds allow concluding that ammonia and urea in highly productive animals act less as finishing products of nitrogen metabolism than in low-productive animals.

On the territory of Ukraine, for decades, the pig industry has traditionally remained one of the main reserves for ensuring the financial well-being of the population. Among the factors contributing to the profitability of pig breeding enterprises, a significant role is played by the breeding capacity of sows, since it guarantees the receipt of livestock for rearing and fattening. An indisputable condition for ensuring the efficiency of pig production is to increase the fattening and meat characteristics of pigs. With this in mind, the purpose of the study is to investigate the abovementioned economic traits of pigs, which is currently an urgent task. The research was preceded by the establishment of three groups of sows and young stock, numbering 10 animal units each, located in similar economic conditions. According to the investigational plan, three groups of pigs are provided depending on the genotype: control group 1 – Large White (LW); experimental group 2 – Landrace (L); experimental group 3 – 1/2LWx1/2L (maternal base – Large White, paternal – Landrace). As a result of the conducted studies, it was found out that the local pig population obtained from crossing purebred animals of the Large White and Landrace breeds prevailed in terms of productivity over the original parent forms. From them, on average for three farrowing operations, the largest number of piglets at birth and the highest multiplicity were obtained. An unreliable correlation was found between the characteristics of the reproductive ability of sows and the number of farrowing. The correlation coefficient between the farrowing number and the number of piglets at birth had a negative value – -0.013; for fertility – positive – +0.038; for the offspring size – +0.014; milking capacity – +0.044. At the age of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 months, local young stock had the highest live weight, and the Large White pigs had the lowest values with significant differences (P≤0.05-0.001). The Landrace pigs had the highest live weight at birth and at the age of 4 months, and the Large White pigs had the lowest live weight (P≤0.05-0.001). The findings allow increasing the efficiency of the pig industry and prove the expediency of interbreeding in order to increase the economic traits of pigs

Представлено результати оцінки впливу періоду лактації на мінливість ознак молочної продуктивності корів-первісток української чорно-рябої молочної породи. Було визначено добовий надій, вміст жиру, білка, сухий знежирений молочний залишок та густину молока. У обстежених корів пік надою припадає на третій місяць лактації. Максимальне значення показника  густини молока спостерігається на 3-4 місяцях лактації, мінімальна – на 1 місяці. За два перших місяці лактації первісток отримують четверту частину, за три – біля 40% загальної молочної продукції за 305 днів лактації, що підвищує надійність відбору тварин за зазначені 2-3 її перші місяці. Вміст в молоці сухого знежиреного молочного залишку змінювався упродовж лактації криволінійно: його середнє значення на 1-3 місяцях склало 8,47; на 4-7 – 8,22 і на 8-10 – 8,56%. Що стосується густини молока, то цей показник виявився досить стабільним і коливався по місяцях лактації в межах 27,4-28,3 Ао.. Встановлено зв’язок між надоєм та якісними характеристиками молока. Найнадійнішим для відбору корів за надоєм є період на 3-9 місяцях лактації, за вмістом жиру в молоці – 1-3 місяць, білка – 2-4, сухим знежиреним молочним залишком – 5-7, густиною молока – 1-3 місяці. Низькоінформативними для прогнозування якісних параметрів молока за 305 днів є показники, отримані за останні 3-4 місяці лактації. Проведено також обрахунок рівня зв’язку між ознаками за перші два, три місяці лактації, а також за всю лактацію (10 місяців). Аналіз цих результатів свідчить також про те, що оцінка корів-первісток за перші 60 днів лактації є досить надійною для їх об’єктивного відбору. Достовірність коефіцієнтів кореляції між ознаками молочної продуктивності, отриманими за 10 місяців лактації знижується від першого до останнього, що ще раз підтверджує доцільність проведення оцінки генетичного потенціалу корів на початкових стадіях лактації, які детермінуються, в основному, біологічною домінантою збереження виду.