The article is devoted to the process of the formation of a complex of educational institutions in Kabardia and Balkaria in the second half of the XIX - at the beginning of the XX century. The aim of the work is to classify educational institutions in Kabardia and Balkaria in the specified period and to analyze their main types. The question under study is inscribed in historical context: the link between education and the process of modernization in the North Caucasus region has been traced. The correlation of spiritual and secular education in the process of integration of the region into all-Russian cultural space is analyzed. Gender issues are being raised: the authors examine not only male education, but also the first experience of female education in the province. Attention is paid to the connection between the phenomenon of enlightenment of the region and Russian culture.

The article is devoted to the analysis of power family relations in the traditional society of Kabarda and Balkaria in the XIX – early XX century. Its purpose is to study the system of gender-role relations between men and women and the functioning of the "power-subordination" mechanism among Kabardians and Balkars during this period. The study analyzes the traditional model of the family in Kabardian and Balkar societies, its structural organization and historical types that existed at the time under consideration. Much attention is paid to the study of the status of the head of the family, the contradictory position of women, children, gender ideology, which constructed stereotypical behaviors. The developed dual structure of power relations is shown, where interaction on the female half of the family according to the formula "power/subordination" was formed, similar to the male hierarchy, i.e. the wife of the older man acquired the status of the head of her female part and controlled various forms of social practice. On the basis of the studied material, it is concluded that the idea of the slavish or oppressed position of women, as well as the despotic power of the father among Kabardians and Balkars has no sufficient grounds. The father's large amount of power was compensated by the democratic beginnings of family life, and a woman in a formally subordinate position had a set of opportunities for explicit and implicit influence on decision-making. The novelty of the article is to create a more complete picture of the system of power relations in the traditional societies of Kabarda and Balkaria. The main research model was the structural-functional approach developed by T. Parsons and J. Murdoch. The field of application of this research can be social and cultural policy in our country, which allows us to harmoniously combine traditions and innovations, as well as teaching humanities in universities.

The article is devoted to the main historical and historiographic researches of Professor P.A. Kuzminov. It conventionally singles out several main blocks of research by the scientist, including works devoted to the historiographic study of the liberal reforms of the 1860s–1870s. in the North Caucasus, the processes of implementing reforms in the region, its socio-economic and political and legal development; works that analyze the methodological and organizational problems of modern Caucasian studies, the scientific and social activities of individual pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historians, etc. The article also considers the work of P.A. Kuzminov on the collection and publication of historical sources on the history of the development of the North Caucasus at the end of the 18th - 19th centuries. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that in modern Caucasian studies there are no works devoted to the scientific biographies of individual scientists who, in their works, determine the course of development of research on certain problems of historical science. According to the authors, in the course of studying the biography of a scientist, it is possible only not to find interesting information about the life of an individual, but also to better understand the course of the organizational, institutional and methodological development of all science. The authors come to the conclusion that P.A. Kuzminov, on the basis of modern theoretical and methodological approaches, conducted a comprehensive historical and historiographical analysis of various problems of modern Caucasian studies. Most of the scientists works are devoted to the history and historiography of the liberal reforms of the 1860s-1870s. in the North Caucasus, various socio-political and agrarian issues of the development of the region during its integration into the Russian Empire.

The article provides a comparative analysis of conceptual foundations of the Russian and European liberalism of the second half of the XIX century. Theoretical heritage of the classics of the Russian liberal thought K. D. Kavelin and B. N. Chicherin is investigated. The paper aims to compare conceptual foundations of the Russian and European liberalism, to examine their similar features and to identify specificity of the domestic liberal tradition. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the authors determine the basic notions and categories while comparing the Russian and European liberalism of the second half of the XIX century, ascertain originality degree of the domestic liberal thought and discuss whether it would be appropriate to consider the domestic liberal tradition in the context of the western liberal thought. The findings indicate that the Russian classical liberalism, being an integral element of the European socio-political thought, preserved its unique features, the integrity of which constituted national specificity of the Russian liberal ideology.

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