No abstract

The aim of the study was to assess adherence to breast and cervical cancer screening ensuring compliance with ethical principles.Material and methods. A total of 1,015 women of target age groups, living in Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan, participated in breast and cervical cancer screenings. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from each participant (1,239 questionnaires: 674 for breast cancer screening and 565 for cervical cancer screening). Two hundred and twenty-four women participated in two screenings. The survey was conducted immediately after the respondents had had a mammography and / or Pap test. The questionnaire included the socio-demographic characteristics of women, questions on awareness of screening, level of knowledge before and after screening, sources of information, feelings before screening, after screening and and also after the receipt of test results. Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis.Results. Sixty-one percent (95 % CI 57.7; 63.1) of women participated in screening for the first time, 39 % (95 % CI 36.4; 41.8) of respondents visited outpatient clinic for the second and the third time. Multivariable analysis revealed that the participation in screening was associated with the purpose of visit, awareness and confidentiality. Thus, women, who arrived at the outpatient clinic with purposes other than screening were 2.3 times less (OR=2 95 % CI 1.6; 3.1) likely to participate in next screening compared to those, who came to the clinic with the purpose of screening as well as those, who were referred by employers (OR=2 95 % CI 1.2; 3.2) or friend/family (OR=2 95 % CI 1.0; 4.3). Women, who had little information about screening as a whole and about screening test before it was taken, were 3 and 2 times less likely to come to screening again (OR=3 95 % CI 1.6; 5.9 and OR=2 95 % CI 0.8; 3.7, respectively). The confidentiality violation led to a decrease in chance (OR=3.5 95 % CI 2.2; 4.9) of being screened again for those women, who experienced nervousness and shame during the screening, and also indicated the presence of nonmedical people during the test.Conclusion. Measures aimed to ensure compliance to ethics in screening for breast and cervical cancer will improve the quality of screening programs in accordance with international standards, as well as increase the personal responsibility for active participation in screening.

Salicylic acid essentially is obtained under the pressure by the method of Kolbe-Schmidt. One of the biggest drawbacks of this method is the necessity of synthesizing sodium phenolate in advance which involves considerable technological difficulties: water predistillation under vacuum and also the dry sodium phenolate getting very hygroscopic. It is therefore of interest to look for more convenient alternative pathways for the synthesis of salicylic acid, excluding the use of sodium phenolate and this drawback is eliminated by using sodium and potassium salts of ethyl carbonic acid as carboxylation body. Consequently, according to the more convenient method we obtained the salicylic acid. In medicine, 1% solution of salicylic acid in 70 % alcohol called salicylic alcohol is used as an antiseptic. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of a 1% solution of salicylic acid in various concentrations of ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) in order to determine the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on the antimicrobial activity of salicylic acid. The experiment proved that 1% solution of salicylic acid in various concentrations of ethanol (40-90%) to the appropriate strains of bacteria acts with the same activity regardless of the concentration of ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%). These actions of the acid are due to its solubility in alcohols of different concentrations and complete disintegration of salicylic acid molecules into ions. Thus, on the basis of antimicrobial research the necessity of preparation of 1% solution of salicylic acid in 40% alcohol is proved as the drug is cheaper and cost-effective to produce. The technology of the new composition of the drug "Azisal" consisting of 0.25 g azithromycin and 1.0 g salicylic acid in 60% ethanol was developed, in a similar way solution of azithromycin in different concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0% in 60% ethanol were prepared and their antimicrobial activities were defined. The comparison of their antimicrobial activity shows the effectiveness of the composite product called "Azisal".

Thus, all principles of competitive interaction between substrates, all regulatory systems are involved in the mechanism of regulation of glucose homeostasis and the development of IR. These aspects need to be considered when developing preventive and curative measures.