Background. The concept of cyberchondria is proposed to describe a psychological phenomenon that manifests in the increase in health anxiety after excessive search for medical information. The structure of cyberchondria is quite heterogeneous. Features of actions (compulsive actions in search of information about health and diseases online) the relation of these actions to other human activities (excessive search), emotional (distress after the search) and behavioral (the search for confirmation) consequences of those actions, as well as mentalsetting (mistrust in medical experts) can be revealed in this structure. The question of the independence of cyberchondria, which is closely connected to obsessive-compulsive symptoms, health anxiety, hypochondriacal behavior and user activity, is also controversial. Objective. The article aims to detect the relationship between cyberchondria and signs of excessive Internet use , somatization, hypochondrization, and health anxiety. Design. The present study (before the coronavirus pandemic) involved 127 healthy respondents aged 18 to 70 years old and 33 active users of online medical websites. The respondents filled out the Cyberchondria Severity Scale, the scales of hypochondriacal behavior, beliefs about the body and health, health anxiety, Internet addiction and a number of checklists assessing their user activity and behavior related to health and illness. Results. In the structure of cyberchondria, it is possible to reliably distinguish closely related components of the search for confirmation, compulsive actions, excessive and repetitive search, and distress after the search. Excessive search for information is more often associated with viewing images of diseases, seeking the confirmation along with reading reviews (i.e., it more often complements an actual search for a medical care, or cross-checks the results). Compulsive actions and distress are most closely associated with searching for information on social networks. Mistrust in healthcare professionals is weakly associated with cyberchondria. It reveals itself in a rare inclination to seek for a formal medical opinion both online and offline. However, a greater propensity for seeking for the information about alternative medicine on the Internet is observed. Manifestations of cyberchondria (apart from the mistrust in medical professionals) are closely associated with an excessive user activity and the tendency for somatoform symptoms and hypochondriacal behavior. This supports the hypothesis that cyberchondria is a specific behavior that is based on other clinical-psychological phenomena.
Р ассматриваются технологии симуляции и виртуализации в контексте трансформации высших психических функций в информационном обществе. В качестве ключевой категории для теоретического анализа специфики виртуальной реальности используется категория «симулякр», рассматриваемая в рамках репрезентативной модели (Платон) и нерепрезентативной модели (Ж. Делез, Ж. Бодрийяр). Виртуальная реальность понимается как пространство симулякров -особых знаков, которые, в отличие от знаков-копий, фиксируют не сходство, а различие с референтной реальностью, порождая ряды симуляций. Выделяется проблема субъективности, заключающаяся в слиянии в виртуальной реальности субъекта и симулякра, при котором, физически, телесно оставаясь в действительном мире, субъект ментально переходит в мир виртуальный, где наделяется новым, виртуальным телом, не имеющем ничего общего с его телесностью. Обсуждаются ловушки технологических симулякров, связанные с созданием фантомной реальности и возможностями смешения виртуальной и действительной реальности. Сегодня технологии становятся силой, делающей невозможным различение означающего и означаемого. В информационном пространстве господствуют «виртуальные» события, порождающие, тем не менее, реальные следствия, вновь обретающие реальные отражения и создающие, в свою очередь, бесконечную цепь смены реальных и виртуальных событий. В качестве примера деструктивной симуляции приводится использование виртуальных технологий при ведении военных действий, при создании и раскрутке новостных событий в масс-медиа. Обсуждается также проникновение симулякров в науку. Симулякры стали неотъемлемой частью культурно-исторической реальности информационного общества. Именно в неразличимости виртуального и реального усматривается причина трансформации не только идентичности, но и самих высших психических функций. Ключевые слова: симулякр, симуляция, виртуальная реальность, гиперреальность, киберпространство, высшие психические функции. I n this paper virtualization and simulation technologies in the context of higher mental functions in information society are observed. The category of "simulacrum" considered within the representative model (Plato) and unrepresentative model (Deleuze, Baudrillard) is considered as a key factor for the theoretical analysis of virtual reality. Virtual reality is described as a space of simulacra, special signs that, unlike signs-copies do not fix any similarity, but fix dissimilarity with reference reality generating a sequence of simulations. A problem of subjectivity is highlighted, containing the merger of the subject and simulacrum in virtual reality. Thus, staying in a real world physically, the subject transits into a virtual world mentally. There it is endowed by a new virtual body, that has nothing in common with the subject's corporeality. There are traps for technological simulacra related to the development of phantom reality and to the possibilities of combining virtual and true reality. Nowadays, technologies are becoming such power that is capable if erasing the border between ...
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