No abstract

The rearing of young animals is an important and fundamental stage in obtaining highly productive animals. The traditional technology of calves rearing in typical heated rooms provides for significant costs for their heating, ventilation, manure removal and feeding. The purpose of the work was to study the productive traits of calves depending on the method of their rearing. Research has been carried out to study the influence of different conditions of housing calves during the preweaning period under conditions in the farm “Ershov” (Vykhodnyi village) in the Buguruslansky area in the Orenburg region. The influence of housing methods on the dynamics of live weight, morphological and biochemical parameters of blood, conformation characteristics and body type indices of replacement heifers has been established. During the entire study period the average daily gain in calves of the experimental group was higher by 66 g or 9,4 % (P < 0,05), live weight by 7,0 kg or 6,9 % (P < 0,05). There was no significant difference in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of the experimental calves. At 3 months of age the animals of the experimental group had superiority in all the measurements taken: in height at the withers by 2,0 cm or 2,2 % (P < 0,05), height in the rump bone by 0,5 cm or 0,5 %, length of the body by 2,8 cm or 3,1 %, chest width by 0,9 cm or 3,6 %, chest depth by 1,5 cm or 3,9 %, chest circumference by 2,0 cm or 1,9 %, width in hook bones by 0,4 cm or 1,8 %, hip joint width by 1,1 cm or 5,4 % (P < 0,05), rump half–circumference by 1,0 cm or 2,2 %, pastern circumference by 0,1 cm, or 0,8 %, compared with the corresponding indicators of calves of the control group.. Similarly, the calves of the experimental group had superiority over the analogues of the control group in terms of body type indices. Thus, according to the thoracic index the calves of the experimental group outperformed their herdmates by 9,2 abs.% (P < 0,01) and according to the meatness index they outperformed the herdmates of the control group by 3,5 abs.% (P < 0,05).

The results of assessing the dynamics of milk productivity of goats of different genotypes depending on the number of lactations in 305 days are presented. The level of average monthly milk yields was studied. Four groups of Saanen and Nubian breed goats of 10 animals each were formed for the experiment. Starting from the 1st month of lactation in all groups, milk yield increased continuously until the 4th month, and then went down by the end of lactation. The maximum average monthly milk yields were in the 2nd-4th months of lactation in all four groups of female goats. Average monthly milk yields were highest for goats of all genotypes and lactations in the 4th month. Saanen goats dominated over Nubian goats in the first lactation by 14.43 kg, or 15.96%, in the third by 4.23 kg, or 4.48%. The parameters of physicochemical and microbiological composition of the milk of Saanen and Nubian goats of different lactation numbers were studied. The content of the main milk nutrients: protein, fat and milk sugar, as well as minerals is higher in the Nubian goat breed in both lactations. The density and acidity of goat milk were in accordance with the GOST (All Union State standard). The freezing point of goat milk samples of both breeds and lactations ranged from 0.50-0.57 °C. The somatic cell content in the milk of goats of both genotypes ranged from 128 to 1500 thousand/cm3 and conformed to the standards. Bacterial contamination of milk of the goats of both breeds and lactations did not exceed permissible sanitary standards.

The complex biological starter (biopreservative) “Silo Twice” is related to microbiology in feed production, in particular to the technology for obtaining complex biopreservatives - preparations used for silage of feed. In the finished biopreservative fermented Silo Twice product, all nutrients of the starting material are preserved and the relative value of the feed has increased 17 units. Compared to the classic self-preservation of haylage, the introduction of Silo Twice biopreservative provides a decrease in protein losses of 2.0–2.2 times. Feeding milk cows with haylage obtained when applying Silo Twice biopreservative provides an increase in the milk yield by 8.0%, milk fat content by 0.4%. The use in the diet of dairy cows of haylage obtained with the introduction of the biopreservative Silo Twice contributed to a reduction in the cost of exchange energy and concentrates by 2.43% and 2.95%, respectively. The use in the diet of dairy cows of haylage obtained with the introduction of biopreservative Silo Twice led to the optimization of processes in the scar, an increase in the level of volatile fatty acids and bacteria, with a decrease in the amount of ammonia by 16.3%. This fact indicates an improvement in the digestibility and absorption of nitrogen in the scar of cows. Feeding milk cows for 60 days with haylage obtained when the Silo Twice biopreservative was introduced provided a savings of 2250 rubles per cow.

The purpose of the research is to increase the effectiveness of the supplement Reasil on the growth of milk-fed calves. For the scientific and economic experience, three groups of calves were formed (control, 1 and 2 experi-enced). Groups of animals of 10 heads were formed according to the principle of analogues. The indicators of live weight, growth and blood of calves were studied after Reasil use in a diet: Reasil HumicVet as a liquid form, and Reasil Humic Health – reduced to powder. In the experiment, animals of a black-and-white breed were used. The Reasil feeding in the diet contributed to an increase in the live weight of milk-fed calves in the 1-st and the 2-nd experimental groups at two months of age by 5.65 and 5.48 kg (or by 7.4 and 7.2%), respectively, compared to the indicator of the control group analogues. The average daily growth of calves of the experimental groups exceeded this indicator of control animals by 96 and 82 g, respectively. The blood of calves of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, showed that hematoglobin was higher by 15.7 and 11.4%, red blood cells – by 16.5 and 15.1%, and the alkaline reserve – by 5.2%, compared with blood of calves from the control group, which indicates the activation of metabolic processes in the body. The total protein amount in the blood serum of animals from the experimental groups increased by 8.4 and 5.9% respectively, compared to the tests of calves from the control group. The albu-min content of animals of the 1st experimental group tested was higher by 5.3%; from the 2nd experimental group there was no significant difference compared to the control. The number of gamma-globulins in the blood of ani-mals of the experimental groups increased, which indicates an increase in defense reaction of animals. The con-tent of calcium in the blood serum of calves from the experimental groups was higher by 8.3 and 5.9%, phosphorus – by 4.8 and 2.4%, which indicates a more effective use of these mineral elements.